{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T04:20:02Z","timestamp":1745986802241,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023240","name":"New Zealand Pharmacy Education and Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["160OU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["160OU"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The semi-synthetic bile salt, 12-oxochenodeoxycholate (OCDC also known as 12-monoketocholate), has been shown to enhance drug permeation across biological membranes with low cytotoxicity. Its effect on the analgesic potency and brain concentration of morphine 6-glucuronide (M6G) was studied in male Wistar rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four groups of animals (n = 8) were given 5, 10 or 20 mg\/kg OCDC or normal saline (control) by subcutaneous injection 30 min before a subcutaneous injection of 5 mg\/kg M6G after which the hotplate test was performed on each rat at various times. After a 2 week wash-out period, the same rats (n = 30) were randomized to two equal groups and given OCDC (20 mg\/kg) or normal saline 30 min before 5 mg\/kg M6G. At five time points up to 3 h after M6G administration, three rats from each group were euthanized and blood and brain analyzed for M6G.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The area under the analgesic effect versus time curve (AUAE) was found to be significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) greater in rats given 20 mg\/kg OCDC than in control rats. Area under the curve (AUC) for M6G in both plasma and brain was greater in OCDC-treated rats than in control rats, but the brain : plasma AUC ratio was lower.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>OCDC enhances the analgesic effect of M6G but gives a lower brain : plasma ratio due to increasing M6G plasma levels probably by reducing its renal clearance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,16]],"date-time":"2013-01-16T11:42:57Z","timestamp":1358336577000},"page":"561-566","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of 12-oxochenodeoxycholate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine 6-glucuronide in Wistar rats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Otago , Dunedin,","place":["New 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