{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T23:04:06Z","timestamp":1769727846044,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To develop an epirubicin-loaded, water-soluble mucoadhesive gels that have the correct rheological properties to facilitate their delivery into the bladder via a catheter, while allowing for their spread across the bladder wall with limited expansion of the bladder and increasing the retention of epirubicin in the bladder and flushing with urine.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epirubicin-loaded hydroxyl ethyl cellulose (HEC) and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) gels were manufactured and tested for their rheological properties. Their ability to be pushed through a catheter was also assessed as was their in-vitro drug release, spreading in a bladder and retention of epirubicin after flushing with simulated urine.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epirubicin drug release was viscosity-dependent. The 1 and 1.5% HEC gels and the 1, 1.5 and 2% HPMC gels had the correct viscosity to be administered through a model catheter and spread evenly across the bladder wall under the pressure of the detrusor muscle. The epirubicin-loaded gels had an increased retention time in the bladder when compared with a standard intravesical solution of epirubicin, even after successive flushes with simulated urine.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The increased retention of epirubicin in the bladder by the HEC and HPMC gels warrant further investigation, using an in-vivo model, to assess their potential for use as treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,16]],"date-time":"2015-06-16T07:21:25Z","timestamp":1434439285000},"page":"1355-1362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The use of water-soluble mucoadhesive gels for the intravesical delivery of epirubicin to the bladder for the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Dani","family":"Chatta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Cottrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garry","family":"Laverty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast , Belfast, Northern Ireland,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"McConville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103012492840100_jphp12441-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262330","article-title":"The health economics of bladder cancer: a comprehensive review of the published literature","volume":"21","author":"Botteman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"2024103012492840100_jphp12441-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66532-9","article-title":"Second resection and prognosis of primary high risk superficial bladder cancer: is cystectomy often too early?","volume":"165","author":"Brauers","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2024103012492840100_jphp12441-cit-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.08.015","article-title":"Intravesical pharmacotherapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a critical analysis of currently available drugs, treatment schedules, and long-term results","volume":"53","author":"Witjes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2024103012492840100_jphp12441-cit-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.05.047","article-title":"Detrusor muscle in the first, apparently complete transurethral resection of bladder tumour specimens is a surrogate marker of resection quality, predicts risk of early recurrence, and is dependent on operator experience","volume":"57","author":"Mariappan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2024103012492840100_jphp12441-cit-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67975-X","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of the prognostic factors of primary superficial bladder cancer","volume":"163","author":"Millan-Rodriguez","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2024103012492840100_jphp12441-cit-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(03)00060-0","article-title":"Evaluation and follow-up strategies for superficial bladder cancer","volume":"30","author":"Donat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2024103012492840100_jphp12441-cit-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2004.05.003","article-title":"One immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy in low risk Ta, T1 bladder cancer patients. 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