{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:40:14Z","timestamp":1786974014415,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014775","name":"Korean Ginseng Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#800-20130299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#800-20130299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Because red ginseng and vitamin C have immunomodulatory function and anti-viral effect, we investigated whether red ginseng and vitamin C synergistically regulate immune cell function and suppress viral infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Red ginseng and vitamin C were treated to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected BCBL-1, and administrated to Gulo(\u2212\/\u2212) mice, which are incapable of synthesizing vitamin C, with or without influenza A virus\/H1N1 infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Red ginseng and vitamin C increased the expression of CD25 and CD69 of PBMCs and natural killer (NK) cells. Co-treatment of them decreased cell viability and lytic gene expression in BCBL-1. In Gulo(\u2212\/\u2212) mice, red ginseng and vitamin C increased the expression of NKp46, a natural cytotoxic receptor of NK cells and interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 production. Influenza infection decreased the survival rate, and increased inflammation and viral plaque accumulation in the lungs of vitamin C-depleted Gulo(\u2212\/\u2212) mice, which were remarkably reduced by red ginseng and vitamin C supplementation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Administration of red ginseng and vitamin C enhanced the activation of immune cells like T and NK cells, and repressed the progress of viral lytic cycle. It also reduced lung inflammation caused by viral infection, which consequently increased the survival rate.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]],"date-time":"2016-02-22T06:21:20Z","timestamp":1456122080000},"page":"406-420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Red ginseng and vitamin C increase immune cell activity and decrease lung inflammation induced by influenza A virus\/H1N1 infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Hyemin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]},{"name":"Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirim","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yejin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyea","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2573-4866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-il","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Seung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]},{"name":"Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103012552460000_jphp12529-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00237","article-title":"Development of cross-protective influenza A vaccines based on cellular 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