{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:21:26Z","timestamp":1773296486386,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"YangFan Innovative & Entrepreneurial Research Team Project of Guangdong","award":["201312S04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201312S04"]}]},{"name":"Science & Technology Project of Guangdong Province of China","award":["2013A090100005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013A090100005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bacterial pneumonia is a common cause of death worldwide. Tea tree oil (TTO) is a potent antimicrobial natural product, which is formulated in dry powder inhalers (DPIs) for the treatment of fungal and bacterial pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tea tree oil-\u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (TTO-\u03b2-CD) were prepared and characterized. Aerodynamic properties of TTO-\u03b2-CD powders were measured. The rat models of fungal (Candida albicans) and bacterial (Acinetobacter baumannii) pneumonia were prepared. Saline, TTO, TTO-\u03b2-CD and the positive drug (fluconazole or penicillin) were directly delivered to the rat lungs. Pathological and biological assays were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tea tree oil-\u03b2-CD powders had an appropriate aerodynamic diameter of 5.59 \u03bcm and the fine particle fraction of 51.22%, suitable for pulmonary delivery. TTO-\u03b2-CD showed higher and similar antipneumonic effects on the rat models than fluconazole and penicillin, respectively. The effects of TTO-\u03b2-CD were higher than TTO alone. The antipneumonic mechanisms involved blocking the recruitment of leucocytes and neutrophils, eliminating the microbes, downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (including tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin-1\u03b2 and interleukin-6), suppressing cyclooxygenase 2 expression, and further reducing lung injury.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inhaled TTO-\u03b2-CD powders have the advantages of portability, high stability, self-administration, high lung deposition and good antipneumonic effect. It is a promising DPI for the treatment of fungal and bacterial pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T10:14:40Z","timestamp":1502792080000},"page":"1458-1467","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Pulmonary delivery of tea tree oil-\u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes for the treatment of fungal and bacterial pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Anhui Medical University , 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