{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:14:04Z","timestamp":1787015644022,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022833","name":"Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers is an inevitable ingredient of Ayurvedic rasayanas for the treatment of disorders with unregulated inflammation. However, studies regarding the mechanism of anti-inflammatory potential of this plant at the molecular level are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro evaluations were conducted in RAW264.7 macrophages which were preincubated with chloroform extract of T. cordifolia (CETC) and subsequently stimulated with LPS. The expressions of COX-2, TNF-\u03b1 and iNOS genes were analysed by SQRT-PCR and Western blot, cytokines (IL-6, IL-1\u03b2 and PGE2) levels by ELISA, NF-\u03baB activation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation by Immunoblot and confocal imaging. Anti-inflammatory potential of CETC was validated further in a rat model of carrageenan-induced hind paw edema. Phytochemical characterisation was carried out using the HPLC technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The LPS-induced upregulation of proinflammatory biomarkers was significantly prevented by CETC, without inhibiting COX-1. CETC- and LPS-incubated cells showed reduced phosphorylated p38 MAPK levels, and higher levels NF-\u03baB were retained in cytoplasm. Rats pretreated with CETC showed a statistically significant decrease in paw oedema (P \u2264 0.05), and HPLC characterisation detected stigmasterol and \u03b2-sitosterol. The LD50 of CETC lies above 2000 mg\/Kg body weight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings encourage us strongly to focus on CETC to develop anti-inflammatory drugs with lower degree of inhibition to the constitutively expressing COX-1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,16]],"date-time":"2018-05-16T23:24:47Z","timestamp":1526513087000},"page":"1113-1125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of\n                    <i>Tinospora cordifolia<\/i>\n                    (Willd.) Miers chloroform extract \u2013 a preclinical study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Sheena","family":"Philip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Based Bioactives and Disease Biology Laboratory , Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology , Thiruvananthapuram,","place":["India"]},{"name":"University of Kerala , Thiruvananthapuram,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greeshma","family":"Tom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Based Bioactives and Disease Biology Laboratory , Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology , Thiruvananthapuram,","place":["India"]},{"name":"University of Kerala , Thiruvananthapuram,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0160-9101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asha V","family":"Vasumathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Based Bioactives and Disease Biology Laboratory , Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology , Thiruvananthapuram,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.12.034","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa methanol extract","volume":"146","author":"Jeong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.12.013","article-title":"Naturally derived anti- inflammatory compounds from Chinese medicinal plants","volume":"146","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01322","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer","volume":"420","author":"Coussens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6941","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19066941","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effects of luteolin from Perilla (P. frutescens L.) leaves","volume":"19","author":"Jeon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3570593","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition","volume":"357","author":"Alderton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.05.005","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects mice from lethal endotoxin shock and inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW264.7 macrophages via the p38\/ERK and NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"40","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0342-8","article-title":"Multifaceted roles of PGE2 in inflammation and cancer","volume":"35","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04870","article-title":"Nuclear factor-\u03baB in cancer development and progression","volume":"441","author":"Karin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgp014","article-title":"Review the COX-2\/PG E2 pathway: key roles in the hallmarks of cancer and adaptation to the tumor microenvironment","volume":"30","author":"Greenhough","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2003.tb00222.x","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 modulates cellular growth and promotes tumorigenesis","volume":"7","author":"Trifan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0011","first-page":"519","article-title":"Medicinal plants used by the Kandhas of Kandhamal district of Orissa","volume":"5","author":"Behera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Tradit Know"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0012","first-page":"579","article-title":"Medicinal plants used by Malasar tribes of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Tradit Know"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-011-1809-z","article-title":"Comparable efficacy of standardized Ayurveda formulation and hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQS) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA): a randomized investigator-blind controlled study","volume":"31","author":"Chopra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0014","first-page":"83","article-title":"Phytochemical investigation and isolation of new compounds from the stems of Tinospora cordifolia Miers","volume":"1","author":"Sultana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Phytochem Res"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.09.140","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Dichondra repens Forst. and its reference compounds","volume":"132","author":"Sheu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-111-27849","article-title":"Carrageenan-induced edema in hind paw of the rat as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"111","author":"Winter","year":"1962","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.11.012","article-title":"The apoptosis inducing effect of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Correa and its influence on gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Hep3 B","volume":"139","author":"Sreejith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12049","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of hexane fraction from Myagropsis myagroides ethanolic extract in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.06.004","article-title":"The effect of the aqueous extract of Helietta parvifolia A. Gray (Rutaceae) stem bark on carrageenan-induced paw edema and granuloma tissue formation in mice","volume":"124","author":"Ruben","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0020","first-page":"558","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of Giloe, Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thomson (Menispermaceae): the magical herb of Ayurveda","volume":"4","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Biol Arch"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1330","article-title":"Lymphoid organ development: from ontogeny to neogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Drayton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.03.021","article-title":"Signaling networks regulating cyclooxygenase-2","volume":"38","author":"Tsatsanis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0023","first-page":"469","article-title":"Nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation and immune regulation","volume":"54","author":"Guzik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii3","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg326","article-title":"The pivotal role of interleukin-1 in the clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"42","author":"Dayer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(02)00027-8","article-title":"Survey: IL-6 in autoimmune disease and chronic inflammatory proliferative disease","volume":"13","author":"Ishihara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.12.040194.001041","article-title":"Function and activation of NF-kappa B in the immune system","volume":"12","author":"Baeuerle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.01.043","article-title":"In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb","volume":"134","author":"Suresh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007652414175","article-title":"The proinflammatory transcription factor NFkB: a potential target for novel therapeutical strategies","volume":"15","author":"Renard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Biol Toxicol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.11.026","article-title":"Biochanin-A, an isoflavon, showed anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities through the inhibition of iNOS expression, p38-MAPK and ATF-2 phosphorylation and blocking NF\u03baB nuclear translocation","volume":"653","author":"Kole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12421","article-title":"Toluhydroquinone from Aspergillus sp. suppresses inflammatory mediators via nuclear factor-\u03baB and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells","volume":"67","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.06.036","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Nymphaea pubescens Willd. flower extract on carrageenan-induced inflammation and CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"59","author":"Debnath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.11.039","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic activities of standardized root extract of Jasminum sambac","volume":"160","author":"Sengar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.059","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of probiotic on carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats","volume":"72","author":"Solanki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.7897\/2277-4343.04325","article-title":"Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Tecomaria capensis leaves","volume":"4","author":"Jothi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2347","article-title":"Validation of therapeutic claims of Tinospora cordifolia: a review","volume":"22","author":"Panchabhai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900012","article-title":"\u03b2-Sitosterol exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in human aortic endothelial cells","volume":"54","author":"Loizou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2009.08.019","article-title":"Stigmasterol: a phytosterol with potential anti-osteoarthritic properties","volume":"18","author":"Gabay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0038","first-page":"212","article-title":"Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of 9-hexacosene and stigmasterol isolated from Mondia whytei","volume":"2","author":"Githinji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytopharmacology"},{"key":"2024103012321759900_jphp12932-cit-0039","first-page":"57","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of \u03b2-sitosterol in a model of oxazolone induced contact-delayed-type hypersensitivity","volume":"5","author":"Prieto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bol Latinoam Caribe Plant Med Arom\u00e1t"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjphp.12932","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/70\/8\/1113\/60224321\/jphp12932.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/70\/8\/1113\/60224321\/jphp12932.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T13:44:36Z","timestamp":1730295876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article\/70\/8\/1113\/6121774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jphp.12932","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-7158","0022-3573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-7158","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-3573","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}}}