{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:04:34Z","timestamp":1791975874940,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of the current study was to minimize ocular irritation and prolong the pharmacological action of vancomycin via formulation into nanosized spherical niosomes loaded into pH-sensitive in-situ forming gel.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stability and rheological behaviour of the various gelling systems were evaluated. The ability of the selected system to eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections was examined in vitro and in vivo. Draize technique was also used to assess ocular irritation in rabbits.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nanosized spherical niosomes loaded with vancomycin at high entrapment efficiency were prepared and integrated into polymeric solution that forms gel in situ upon instillation into the eye, to allow for a further increase in the ocular residence time. In MRSA-infected rabbits, there were 180- and 2.5-fold increases in the antibacterial efficacy after treatment with the vancomycin niosomal gels in comparison with the untreated animals and the animals treated with the vancomycin free drug solution, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The developed formulations demonstrated promising in-vivo biocompatibility and antibacterial efficacy, signifying their potential application as ophthalmic preparation to overcome ocular infections induced by resistant bacterial strains while minimizing drug irritation and improving patient compliance.<\/jats:p>\n               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