{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T22:59:15Z","timestamp":1771369155151,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002873","name":"Chulalongkorn University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species could not prevent ER stress-associated cytotoxicity of indomethacin or diclofenac in Caco-2 cells. This study investigated the effects of three polyphenolic antioxidants epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), phyllanthin and hypophyllathin in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced Caco-2 apoptosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cells were treated with ER stressors (indomethacin, diclofenac, tunicamycin or thapsigargin) and the polyphenols for up to 72 h. Cell viability, apoptosis and mitochondrial function were monitored by MTT, Hoechst 33342 and TMRE assays, respectively. Protein expression was measured by Western blot analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epigallocatechin gallate suppressed increases in p-PERK\/p-eIF-2\u03b1\/ATF-4\/CHOP and p-IRE-1\u03b1\/p-JNK1\/2 expression levels in the cells treated with any of the ER stressors, leading to inhibition of apoptosis. In contrast, phyllanthin increased apoptosis in the cells subsequently exposed to either diclofenac, tunicamycin or thapsigargin, but not in the indomethacin-treated cells. The potentiation effect of phyllanthin seen with the three ER stressors was related to suppression of survival p-Nrf-2\/HO-1 expression, resulting in increased activation of the eIF-2\u03b1\/ATF-4\/CHOP pathway. On the other hand, hypophyllanthin had no significant effect on the ER stressor-induced apoptosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epigallocatechin gallate, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin displayed different effects in the ER stress-mediated apoptosis, depending upon their interaction with the specific unfolded protein response signalling.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.13343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T13:09:29Z","timestamp":1595855369000},"page":"1574-1584","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Modulation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced, ER stress-mediated apoptosis in Caco-2 cells by different polyphenolic antioxidants: a mechanistic study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Cherdsak","family":"Boonyong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inter-Department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3774-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nontima","family":"Vardhanabhuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2919-2339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suree","family":"Jianmongkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103012370392400_jphp13343-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.13227","article-title":"Natural polyphenols prevent indomethacin-induced and diclofenac-induced Caco-2 cell death by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress regardless of their direct reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity","volume":"72","author":"Boonyong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024103012370392400_jphp13343-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29057\/mjmr.v6i12.3162","article-title":"Mechanisms of damage involved in small intestinal tract caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"6","author":"Ch\u00e1vez-Pi\u00f1a","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mex J Med 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