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Melatonin protects against liver injury and reduces the alteration of mitochondrial structure, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial pro\u2010 and anti\u2010apoptotic pathways in various cancer types. To investigate the chemopreventive effect of melatonin on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCA<\/jats:styled-content> genesis and liver injury, hamsters were treated with a combination of <jats:italic>O.\u00a0viverrini<\/jats:italic> infection and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NDMA<\/jats:styled-content> concurrently administered with melatonin (10\u00a0mg\/kg and 50\u00a0mg\/kg) for 120\u00a0days. Melatonin treatment at 50\u00a0mg\/kg caused a significant reduction in liver\/body weight ratios and decreased tumor volumes leading to an increase in the survival of animals. In the tumorous tissues, the high\u2010dose melatonin reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> fragmentation and mitochondrial apoptosis by inducing anti\u2010apoptotic protein (Bcl\u20102) in the mitochondrial fraction and down\u2010regulating cytochrome c, pro\u2010apoptotic protein (Bax), and caspase\u20103 in tumor cytosol. Moreover, a high\u2010dose melatonin treatment significantly increased mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes and prevented mitochondrial ultrastructure changes in the tumor. Overall, melatonin has potent chemopreventive effects in inhibiting <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCA<\/jats:styled-content> genesis and also reduces liver injury in hamster <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCA<\/jats:styled-content>, which, in part, might involve in the suppression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCA<\/jats:styled-content> by reducing tumor mitochondria alteration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,22]],"date-time":"2013-05-22T06:55:21Z","timestamp":1369205721000},"page":"257-266","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Melatonin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma and reduces liver injury in <i>Opisthorchis viverrini<\/i>\u2010infected and <i>N<\/i>\u2010nitrosodimethylamine\u2010treated hamsters"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Umawadee","family":"Laothong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Faculty of 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