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Subsequent studies found that melatonin and its metabolic derivatives possess strong free radical scavenging properties. These metabolites are potent antioxidants against both\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (reactive oxygen species) and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (reactive nitrogen species). The mechanisms by which melatonin and its metabolites protect against free radicals and oxidative stress include direct scavenging of radicals and radical products, induction of the expression of antioxidant enzymes, reduction of the activation of pro\u2010oxidant enzymes, and maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, melatonin has been shown to reduce oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    under a very wide set of conditions where toxic derivatives of oxygen are known to be produced. Although the vast majority of studies proved the antioxidant capacity of melatonin and its derivatives, a few studies using cultured cells found that melatonin promoted the generation of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    at pharmacological concentrations (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                    to m\n                    <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                    range) in several tumor and nontumor cells; thus, melatonin functioned as a conditional pro\u2010oxidant. Mechanistically, melatonin may stimulate\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    production through its interaction with calmodulin. Also, melatonin may interact with mitochondrial complex III or mitochondrial transition pore to promote\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    production. Whether melatonin functions as a pro\u2010oxidant under in vivo conditions is not well documented; thus, whether the reported in vitro pro\u2010oxidant actions come into play in live organisms remains to be established.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]],"date-time":"2014-07-25T05:12:09Z","timestamp":1406265129000},"page":"131-146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":742,"title":["Melatonin: a well\u2010documented antioxidant with conditional pro\u2010oxidant actions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Hong\u2010Mei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barshop Institute The University of Texas Health Science Center 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