{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:31:08Z","timestamp":1777379468896,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]],"date-time":"2016-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM\u2010083913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM\u2010083913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012\u2010174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\u2010174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pineal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pinealocytes secrete melatonin at night in response to norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve terminals in the pineal gland. The gland also contains many other neurotransmitters whose cellular disposition, activity, and relevance to pineal function are not understood. Here, we clarify sources and demonstrate cellular actions of the neurotransmitter <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2010aminobutyric acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content>) using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry of the gland and electrical recording from pinealocytes. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content>ergic cells and nerve fibers, defined as containing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content> and the synthetic GAD67, were identified. The cells represent a subset of interstitial cells while the nerve fibers were distinct from the sympathetic innervation. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> receptor subunit <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>1 was visualized in close proximity of both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content>ergic and sympathetic nerve fibers as well as fine extensions among pinealocytes and blood vessels. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> receptor subunit was localized in the interstitial compartment but not in pinealocytes. Electrophysiology of isolated pinealocytes revealed that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content> and muscimol elicit strong inward chloride currents sensitive to bicuculline and picrotoxin, clear evidence for functional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> receptors on the surface membrane. Applications of elevated potassium solution or the neurotransmitter acetylcholine depolarized the pinealocyte membrane potential enough to open voltage\u2010gated Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> channels leading to intracellular calcium elevations. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content> repolarized the membrane and shut off such calcium rises. In 48\u201372\u2010h cultured intact glands, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content> application neither triggered melatonin secretion by itself nor affected norepinephrine\u2010induced secretion. Thus, strong elements of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content> signaling are present in pineal glands that make large electrical responses in pinealocytes, but physiological roles need to be found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,28]],"date-time":"2016-03-28T13:06:53Z","timestamp":1459170413000},"page":"69-81","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<scp>GABA<\/scp>ergic signaling in the rat pineal gland"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Haijie","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio G.","family":"Benitez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology: Chronobiology Section Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza (IHEM\u2010CONICET) School of Medicine National University of Cuyo Mendoza Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung\u2010Ryoung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luz E.","family":"Farias Altamirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology: Chronobiology Section Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza (IHEM\u2010CONICET) School of Medicine National University of Cuyo Mendoza Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong 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