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Detection of BMAA in mussels, crustaceans, and fish illustrates that the sources of human exposure to this toxin are more abundant than previously anticipated. The aim of this study was to determine uptake of BMAA in the pineal gland and subsequent effects on melatonin production in primary pinealocyte cultures and a rat model. Autoradiographic imaging of 10\u2010day\u2010old male rats revealed a high and selective uptake in the pineal gland at 30\u00a0minutes to 24\u00a0hours after <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C\u2010L\u2010BMAA administration (0.68\u00a0mg\/kg). Primary pinealocyte cultures exposed to 0.05\u20103\u00a0mmol\/L BMAA showed a 57%\u201093% decrease in melatonin synthesis in vitro. Both the metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3) antagonist Ly341495 and the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol\u201012\u2010myristate\u201013\u2010acetate prevented the decrease in melatonin secretion, suggesting that BMAA inhibits melatonin synthesis by mGluR3 activation and PKC inhibition. Serum analysis revealed a 45% decrease in melatonin concentration in neonatal rats assessed 2\u00a0weeks after BMAA administration (460\u00a0mg\/kg) and confirmed an inhibition of melatonin synthesis in vivo. Given that melatonin is a most important neuroprotective molecule in the brain, the etiology of BMAA\u2010induced neurodegeneration may include mechanisms beyond direct excitotoxicity and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]],"date-time":"2018-03-12T14:56:48Z","timestamp":1520866608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The environmental neurotoxin \u03b2\u2010N\u2010methylamino\u2010L\u2010alanine inhibits melatonin synthesis in primary pinealocytes and a rat model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Pierozan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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