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In plants, melatonin plays major role in plant growth and development, and is inducible in response to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. However, studies on the direct role of melatonin in disease suppression and as a signaling molecule in host\u2010pathogen defense mechanism are lacking. This study provides insight on the predicted biosynthetic pathway of melatonin in watermelon (\n                    <jats:italic>Citrullus lanatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and how application of melatonin, an environmental\u2010friendly immune inducer, can boost plant immunity and suppress pathogen growth where fungicide resistance and lack of genetic resistance are major problems. We evaluated the effect of spray\u2010applied melatonin and also transformed watermelon plants with the melatonin biosynthetic gene\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNAT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (serotonin N\u2010acetyltransferase) to determine the role of melatonin in plant defense. Increased melatonin levels in plants were found to boost resistance against the foliar pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Podosphaera xanthii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (powdery mildew), and the soil\u2010borne oomycete\n                    <jats:italic>Phytophthora capsici<\/jats:italic>\n                    in watermelon and other cucurbits. Further, transcriptomic data on melatonin\u2010sprayed (1\u00a0mmol\/L) watermelon leaves suggest that melatonin alters the expression of genes involved in both\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAMP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010mediated (pathogen\u2010associated molecular pattern) and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ETI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010mediated (effector\u2010triggered immunity) defenses. Twenty\u2010seven upregulated genes were associated with constitutive defense as well as initial priming of the melatonin\u2010induced plant resistance response. Our results indicate that developing strategies to increase melatonin levels in specialty crops such as watermelon can lead to resistance against diverse filamentous pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T20:29:41Z","timestamp":1526416181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Differential roles of melatonin in plant\u2010host resistance and pathogen suppression in cucurbits"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Mihir Kumar","family":"Mandal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory  Charleston SC USA"},{"name":"ORISE Participant sponsored by the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory USDA, ARS  Charleston SC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haktan","family":"Suren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation Virginia Tech  Blacksburg VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University, CREC  Charleston SC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arezue","family":"Boroujerdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Claflin University  Orangeburg SC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekar","family":"Kousik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory  Charleston SC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00934.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"Melatonin and circadian oscillators in aging a dynamic approach to the multiple connected players","volume":"80","author":"Hardeland R","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interdiscip Top Gerontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0243.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err256"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq378"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20047396"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01543a060"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-12-2-151"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317514568005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200202000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"397","article-title":"DELIRIA\u2010J Group. 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