{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:57:46Z","timestamp":1790157466248,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008464","name":"EMDO Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008464","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pineal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mechanisms of hippocampus\u2010related memory formation are time\u2010of\u2010day\u2010dependent. While the circadian system and clock genes are related to timing of hippocampal mnemonic processes (acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of long\u2010term memory [LTM]) and long\u2010term potentiation (LTP), little is known about temporal gating mechanisms. Here, the role of the neurohormone melatonin as a circadian time cue for hippocampal signaling and memory formation was investigated in C3H\/He wildtype (WT) and melatonin receptor\u2010knockout (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jpi12553-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07423098:media:jpi12553:jpi12553-math-0001\"\/>) mice. Immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses revealed the presence of melatonin receptors on mouse hippocampal neurons. Temporal patterns of time\u2010of\u2010day\u2010dependent clock gene protein levels were profoundly altered in <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jpi12553-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07423098:media:jpi12553:jpi12553-math-0002\"\/> mice compared to WT animals. On the behavioral level, WT mice displayed better spatial learning efficiency during daytime as compared to nighttime. In contrast, high error scores were observed in <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jpi12553-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07423098:media:jpi12553:jpi12553-math-0003\"\/> mice during both, daytime and nighttime acquisition. Day\u2010night difference in LTP, as observed in WT mice, was absent in <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jpi12553-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07423098:media:jpi12553:jpi12553-math-0004\"\/> mice and in WT animals, in which the sympathetic innervation of the pineal gland was surgically removed to erase rhythmic melatonin synthesis. In addition, treatment of melatonin\u2010deficient C57BL\/6 mice with melatonin at nighttime significantly improved their working memory performance at daytime. These results illustrate that melatonin shapes time\u2010of\u2010day\u2010dependent learning efficiency in parallel to consolidating expression patterns of clock genes in the mouse hippocampus. Our data suggest that melatonin imprints a time cue on mouse hippocampal signaling and gene expression to foster better learning during daytime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T04:03:28Z","timestamp":1547006608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Melatonin modulates daytime\u2010dependent synaptic plasticity and learning efficiency"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Antje","family":"Jilg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Juha Hernesniemi International Neurosurgery Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine Henan University Zhengzhou China"},{"name":"Institute of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy Goethe\u2010University Frankfurt Frankfurt 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