{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:08:01Z","timestamp":1789099681701,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587945600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pineal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The pineal gland hormone melatonin continues to be of considerable interest to biomedical researchers. Of particular interest is the pattern of secretion of melatonin in relation to sleep timing as well as its potential role in certain diseases. Measuring melatonin in biological fluids such as blood and saliva presents particular methodological challenges since the production and secretion of the hormone are known to be extremely low during the light phase in almost all situations. Active secretion only occurs around the time of lights out in a wide range of species. The challenge then is to develop practical high\u2010throughput assays that are sufficiently sensitive and accurate enough to detect levels of melatonin less than 1\u00a0pg\/mL in biological fluids. Mass spectrometry assays have been developed that achieve the required sensitivity, but are really not practical or even widely available to most researchers. Melatonin radioimmunoassays and ELISA have been developed and are commercially available. But the quality of the results that are being published is very variable, partly not only because of poor experimental designs, but also because of poor assays. In this review, I discuss issues around the design of studies involving melatonin measurement. I then provide a critical assessment of 21 immunoassay kits marketed by 11 different companies with respect to validation, specificity and sensitivity. Technical managers of the companies were contacted in an attempt to obtain information not available online or in kit inserts. A search of the literature was also conducted to uncover papers that have reported the use of these assays, and where possible, both daytime and night\u2010time plasma or saliva melatonin concentrations were extracted and tabulated. The results of the evaluations are disturbing, with many kits lacking any validation studies or using inadequate validation methods. Few assays have been properly assessed for specificity, while others report cross\u2010reaction profiles that can be expected to result in over estimation of the melatonin levels. Some assays are not fit for purpose because they are not sensitive enough to determine plasma or saliva DLMO of 10 and 3\u00a0pg\/mL, respectively. Finally, some assays produce unrealistically high daytime melatonin levels in humans and laboratory animals in the order of hundreds of pg\/mL. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive and unique assessment of the current commercial melatonin immunoassays and their use in publications. It provides researchers new to the field with the information they need to design valid melatonin studies from both the perspective of experimental\/clinical trial design and the best assay methodologies. It will also hopefully help journal editors and reviewers who may not be fully aware of the pitfalls of melatonin measurement make better informed decisions on publication acceptability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T07:11:41Z","timestamp":1586761901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Measuring melatonin by immunoassay"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5864-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Kennaway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide School of Medicine University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01531a060"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01543a060"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4144.1341"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-4-3-255"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-12-2-151"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.177.4048.532"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1979.tb00407.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7434030"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.6.725"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06405.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2001.310410.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1985.tb11815.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bms.1200230807"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1993.tb00514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1060152"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2001.300106.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00360.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2012.01059.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053800"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.130.3.1645"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00165.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277186"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730415616678"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07676.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1987.tb00854.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1987.tb01172.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.83.3.1013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0817"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/16.7.624"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00488-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1990.tb00692.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.5.1882"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07435808009065970"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000456328802500319"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528909059144"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.855226"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049701200507"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873099129000641"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033836"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1997.272.4.R1178"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000124022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0970229"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.041"},{"issue":"110","key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","first-page":"1432","article-title":"Evening exposure to a light\u2010emitting diodes (LED)\u2010backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance","volume":"2011","author":"Cajochen C","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13692"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2012.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-100107515"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030570"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-079X.2003.00108.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901824116"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00746-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","first-page":"511","article-title":"Light contamination during the dark phase in \"photoperiodically controlled\" animal rooms: effect on tumor growth and metabolism in rats","volume":"47","author":"Dauchy RT","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"The influence of red light exposure at night on circadian metabolism and physiology in Sprague\u2010Dawley rats","volume":"54","author":"Dauchy RT","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-60-6-1166"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(96)00534-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00345.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(98)00069-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1996.tb00271.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2001.310408.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050729"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345194"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(95)02036-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270008318669"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138318"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00504.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420529609012653"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003055"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)91059-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1998.tb00536.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Salivary melatonin concentrations in a sitting and a standing position","volume":"2013","author":"Kozaki T","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Horm"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00617.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2006.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.280.1.E11"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2011.599904"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730405280248"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.262899"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14116"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpz083"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00355.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws278"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730410374943"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2015.1112396"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.700670"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730413511771"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521637113"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1740-3391-9-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-018-0178-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PSY.0000058374.50240.BF"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_1","first-page":"889","article-title":"Home circadian phase assessments with measures of compliance yield accurate dim light melatonin onsets","volume":"38","author":"Burgess HJ","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12384"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21584"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2011.597531"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00266-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_104_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"The role of melatonin and circadian phase in age\u2010related sleep\u2010maintenance insomnia: assessment in a clinical trial of melatonin replacement","volume":"21","author":"Hughes RJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010238","article-title":"The potential of phytomelatonin as a nutraceutical","volume":"23","author":"Arnao MB","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.962686"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12572"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.675255"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/CH9790399"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)91505-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1624373"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12420"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-110-5-1766"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_115_1","first-page":"302","article-title":"Sensitive monitoring of alterations in circadian rhythms by supersensitive melatonin immunoassays","volume":"7","author":"Weber JM","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_116_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Measurement of the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in human plasma","volume":"13","author":"Lewy AJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-019-00395-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41105-018-0166-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00314"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_120_1","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Melatonin Monoclonal Antibody, Detection, Methods and Uses Thereof","author":"Peterson JE","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2014.900693"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-98-2-482"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-101-1-119"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.2051"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_125_1","article-title":"Two indoleamines are secreted from rat pineal gland at night and act on melatonin receptors but are not night hormones","volume":"68","author":"Lee BH","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(79)90025-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1624-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_128_1","article-title":"Effect of endurance training on diurnal rhythms of superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione and lipid peroxidation in plasma of pinealectomized rats","volume":"716","author":"Tchekalarova J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-016-9886-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-013-2841-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.176"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197601"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_134_1","first-page":"208","article-title":"Application of immunologic techniques to the study of pineal indolealkylamines","volume":"2","author":"Brown GM","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pineal Res Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o83-139"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_136_1","first-page":"1215","article-title":"A chronobiological study of melatonin and cortisol secretion in depressed subjects: plasma melatonin, a biochemical marker in major depression","volume":"19","author":"Claustrat B","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_137_1","first-page":"797","article-title":"Development and validation of a radioimmunoassay for serum melatonin","volume":"27","author":"Manz B","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2010.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(84)90296-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-40-2-347"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(78)90130-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/29.2.396"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00197"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.204920"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2018.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05546-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147664"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2018.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195666"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3924"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.11.1437"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3089-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730417696787"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2013.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730415591753"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112686"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02385"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/jcr.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-016-0103-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000644"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-205401"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152814"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000265498"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00303.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00302.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-018-9836-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12564"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_172_1","first-page":"831","article-title":"Influence of circadian time and lighting conditions on expression of melatonin receptors 1 and 2 in murine lymphocytes","volume":"28","author":"Cernysiov V","year":"2014","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_174_1","first-page":"745","article-title":"Assessment of melatonin and cortisol levels in sickle cell anemia children: a single center based study","volume":"27","author":"El\u2010Sonbaty MM","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_175_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Impact of lifestyle and environment on melatonin hormone in relation to oxidative stress","volume":"9","author":"Waheed HJ","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Invention Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_176_1","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Evaluation of melatonin hormone and nitric oxide levels in non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver patients in relation to obesity and oxidative stress","volume":"10","author":"Farhan AR","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_177_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"Protective effect of melatonin against inequality\u2010induced damages on testicular tissue and sperm parameters","volume":"7","author":"Nasiraei\u2010Moghadam SN\u2010M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2016.1149038"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.186213"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12323"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_182_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"Acute effects of oral melatonin administration on arterial distensibility, as determined by carotid\u2010femoral pulse wave velocity, in healthy young men","volume":"11","author":"Yildiz M","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00958.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2000.290203.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_185_1","first-page":"539","article-title":"Circadian rhythms of melatonin and cortisol in manifest Huntington's disease and in acute cortical ischemic stroke","volume":"68","author":"Adamczak\u2010Ratajczak A","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2019.100046"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-012-0801-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1608432"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21641846.2018.1408539"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2017.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/atm.ATM_15_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00648"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084128"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00798"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2016.1222537"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3110"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2018.1515771"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M055558"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_202_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Spontaneously diabetic Torii (sdt) fatty rat, a novel animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, shows blunted circadian rhythms and melatonin secretion","volume":"2018","author":"Sakimura K","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Endo"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400571"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12741"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_206_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"The study of the circannual relationship between the activity of the epiphysis and gonads in rats of different sex and age","volume":"39","author":"Kononenko N","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malays J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-014-0229-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2012.01007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700097R"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2005.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2016.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2016.1146671"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21965"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_214_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Melatonin and cortisol profiles in late midlife and their association with age\u2010related changes in cognition","volume":"8","author":"Waller KL","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3122-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104411"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2018.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2015.09.007"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pineal Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjpi.12657","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jpi.12657","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jpi.12657","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jpi.12657","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:18:57Z","timestamp":1784297937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jpi.12657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]},"references-count":217,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jpi.12657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpi.12657","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3098","1600-079X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3098","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-079X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-02-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e12657"}}