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During this study, we used the oxygen\u2010induced retinopathy mice model to mimic retinal hypoxia\u2010ischemia phenotypes to investigate further the neuroprotective effect of melatonin on neonatal retinal neurons. Melatonin helped maintain relatively normal inner retinal architecture and thickness and preserve inner retinal neuron populations in avascular areas by rescuing retinal ganglion and bipolar cells, and horizontal and amacrine neurons, from apoptosis. Meanwhile, melatonin recovered visual dysfunction, as reflected by the improved amplitudes and implicit times of a\u2010wave, b\u2010wave, and oscillatory potentials. Additionally, elevated cleaved caspase\u20103 and Bax protein levels and reduced Bcl\u20102 protein levels in response to hypoxia\u2010ischemia were diminished after melatonin treatment. Moreover, melatonin increased BDNF and downstream phospho\u2010TrkB\/Akt\/ERK\/CREB levels. ANA\u201012, a TrkB receptor antagonist, antagonized these melatonin actions and reduced melatonin\u2010induced neuroprotection. Furthermore, melatonin rescued the reduction in melatonin receptor expression. This study suggests that melatonin exerted anti\u2010apoptotic and neuroprotective effects in inner retinal neurons after hypoxia\u2010ischemia, at least partly due to modulation of the BDNF\u2010TrkB pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T04:30:24Z","timestamp":1610685024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Melatonin protects inner retinal neurons of newborn mice after hypoxia\u2010ischemia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Rong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Zhongshan Ophthalmic 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