{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T03:24:52Z","timestamp":1789269892483,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pineal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Light influences diverse aspects of human physiology and behaviour including neuroendocrine function, the circadian system and sleep. A role for melanopsin\u2010expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in driving such effects is well established. However, rod and\/or cone signals routed through ipRGCs could also influence \u201cnon\u2010visual\u201d spectral sensitivity. In humans, this has been most extensively studied for acute, light\u2010dependent, suppression of nocturnal melatonin production. Of the published action spectra for melatonin suppression, one demonstrates a spectral sensitivity consistent with that expected for melanopsin while our own (using briefer 30\u00a0minute light exposures) displays very high sensitivity to short wavelength light, suggesting a contribution of S\u2010cones. To clarify that possibility, six healthy young male participants were each exposed to 30\u00a0minutes of five irradiances of 415\u00a0nm monochromatic light (1\u201040\u00a0\u00b5W\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) across different nights. These data were then combined with the original action spectrum. The aggregated data are incompatible with the involvement of any single\u2010opsin and multi\u2010opsin models based on the original action spectrum (including Circadian Stimulus) fail to predict the responses to 415\u00a0nm stimuli. Instead, the extended action spectrum can be most simply approximated by an ~2:1 combination of melanopsin and S\u2010cone signals. Such a model also better describes the magnitude of melatonin suppression observed in other studies using an equivalent 30\u00a0minute mono\u2010 or polychromatic light paradigm but not those using longer (90\u00a0minute) light exposures. In sum, these data provide evidence for an initial S\u2010cone contribution to melatonin suppression that rapidly decays under extended light exposure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T09:24:44Z","timestamp":1611912284000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["S\u2010cone contribution to the acute melatonin suppression response in humans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5625-4750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biological Timing Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Thapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronobiology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3551-4506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine","family":"Arendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronobiology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8809-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria L.","family":"Revell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronobiology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey Guildford UK"},{"name":"Surrey Sleep Research Centre Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 7XP UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8202-6180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debra J.","family":"Skene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronobiology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90694-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2734611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7434030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1011846"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00236-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.6.695"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730418789506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep2010008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0302"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.132167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-02-00600.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069609"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06405.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-100107515"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501053320102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730402238237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1321-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400942111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716281115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1740-3391-8-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"CIE.S 026\/E:2018. 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