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A recent report describing experiments aboard the Space Shuttle mission, STS\u2010132, showed that the level of melatonin, a hormone that provides the biochemical signal of darkness, was decreased during microgravity in an in vitro culture model. Additionally, abnormal lighting conditions in outer space, such as low light intensity in orbital spacecraft and the altered 24\u2010h\u00a0light\u2013dark cycles, may result in the dysregulation of melatonin rhythms and the misalignment of the circadian clock from sleep and work schedules in astronauts. Studies on Earth have demonstrated that melatonin regulates various physiological functions including bone metabolism. These data suggest that the abnormal regulation of melatonin in outer space may contribute to pathophysiological conditions of astronauts. In addition, experiments with high\u2010linear energy transfer radiation, a ground\u2010based model of space radiation, showed that melatonin may serve as a protectant against space radiation. Gene expression profiling using an in vitro culture model exposed to space flight during the STS\u2010132 mission, showed that space radiation alters the expression of DNA repair and oxidative stress response genes, indicating that melatonin counteracts the expression of these genes responsive to space radiation to promote cell survival. These findings implicate the use of exogenous melatonin and the regulation of endogenous melatonin as countermeasures for the physiological consequences of space flight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T02:04:46Z","timestamp":1665108286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Physiological consequences of space flight, including abnormal bone metabolism, space radiation injury, and circadian clock dysregulation: Implications of melatonin use and regulation as a countermeasure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Hirayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences &amp; Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Sustainable Systems Science Komatsu University Komatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4961-3129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsuhiko","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Ichikawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihisa","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center Maebashi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Furusawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Toyama Prefectural University Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Tabuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Science Research Center University of Toyama Toyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Ichikawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiko","family":"Nagamatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Tsukuba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Yano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Tsukuba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Ichikawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology Kanazawa University Noto\u2010cho, Ishikawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Sekiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology Kanazawa University Noto\u2010cho Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0283-9910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuo","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology Kanazawa University Noto\u2010cho Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4703286"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","article-title":"Human exploration of mars design reference architecture (DRA) 5.0","author":"Drake BG","year":"2009","journal-title":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Special Report; 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