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Management of chronic inactive osteomyelitis (CIOM) without typical inflammatory symptoms is a great challenge for orthopedic surgeons. On the basis of data analysis of 1091 OM cases, we reported that latent osteogenic decline in CIOM patients was the main cause of secondary surgery. Our research shows that impairment of osteoblasts capacity in CIOM patients is associated with ferroptosis of osteoblasts caused by internalization of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>. Further studies show that melatonin could alleviate ferroptosis of osteoblasts in infected states through Nox4\/ROS\/P38 axis and protect the osteogenic ability of CIOM patients. Knockout of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) in vivo could effectively relieve ferroptosis of osteoblasts in the state of infection and promote osteogenesis. Through a large number of clinical data analyses combined with molecular experiments, this study clarified that occult osteogenic disorders in CIOM patients were related to ferroptosis of osteoblasts. We revealed that melatonin might be a potential therapeutic drug for CIOM patients and provided a new insight for the treatment of OM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T09:44:26Z","timestamp":1695807866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Melatonin, a potentially effective drug for the treatment of infected bone nonunion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Han\u2010jun","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 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