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It focusses on the pineal organ as melatonin factory and two major targets of the melatoninergic system, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and the hypophysial pars tuberalis (PT). Mammalian pinealocytes sharing molecular characteristics with true pineal and retinal photoreceptors synthesize and secrete melatonin into the blood and cerebrospinal fluid night by night. Notably, neuron\u2010like connections exist between the deep pinealocytes and the habenular\/pretectal region suggesting direct pineal\u2010brain communication. Control of melatonin biosynthesis in rodents involves transcriptional regulation including phosphorylation of CREB and upregulation of mPer1. In the SCN, melatonin acts upon MT1 and MT2 receptors. Melatonin is not necessary to maintain the rhythm of the SCN molecular clockwork, but it has distinct effects on the synchronization of the circadian rhythm by light, facilitates re\u2010entrainment of the circadian system to phase advances in the level of the SCN molecular clockwork by acting upon MT2 receptors and plays a stabilizing role in the circadian system as evidenced from locomotor activity recordings. While the effects in the SCN are subtle, melatonin is essential for PT functions. Via the MT1 receptor it drives the PT\u2010intrinsic molecular clockwork and the retrograde and anterograde output pathways controlling seasonal rhythmicity. Although inbred and transgenic mice do not show seasonal reproduction, the pathways from the PT are fully intact if the animals are melatonin proficient. Thus, only melatonin\u2010proficient strains are suited to investigate the circadian and melatoninergic systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T02:54:33Z","timestamp":1720148073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Mouse Models in Circadian Rhythm and Melatonin Research"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5051-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horst\u2010Werner","family":"Korf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy I, Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-3118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"von Gall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy 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