{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:53:19Z","timestamp":1788252799041,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007833","name":"Hamad Medical Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatric Ment Health Nurs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"Accessible summary<\/jats:title>What is known on the subject?<\/jats:title>\n\n\nNovel psychoactive substances (NPS<\/jats:styled-content>) include synthetic drugs mimicking the effects of illicit drugs, e.g. synthetic cannabinoids, and herbs such as Salvia divinorum<\/jats:italic>. NPS<\/jats:styled-content> are substances that can trigger hallucinations and other effects altering the mind, and are currently uncontrolled by the United Nations' 1961 Narcotic Drugs\/1971 Psychotropic Substances Conventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\nNPS<\/jats:styled-content> affect brain chemistry that induces the psychoactive effects, such as hallucinations and feeling \u2018high\u2019. It is unknown what effects such drugs have on people with severe mental illness (i.e. psychotic illnesses).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>What this paper adds to existing knowledge?<\/jats:title>\n\n\nOur review demonstrates that little is known about the effects of various NPS<\/jats:styled-content> on people with severe mental illness. Almost nothing is known about the long\u2010term consequences of NPS<\/jats:styled-content> use on the mental and physical health of SMI<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\nPatients may lack understanding that NPS<\/jats:styled-content> are psychoactive drugs that can impact on their mental and physical wellbeing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>What are the implications for practice?<\/jats:title>\n\n\nSome patients might be reluctant or do not think it is relevant to disclose NPS<\/jats:styled-content> use. Commonly used illicit drug screening is unlikely to detect the presence of NPS<\/jats:styled-content>, therefore health and mental health professionals should directly enquire about NPS<\/jats:styled-content> and actively encourage patients with severe mental illness to disclose any substance use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Patient and public involvement in the research<\/jats:title>\n\nThere was no significant patient and public involvement in the development and conduct of this study<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Abstract<\/jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>Novel psychoactive substances (NPS<\/jats:styled-content>) are synthetic substances that have been developed to produce altered states of consciousness and perceptions. People with severe mental illness (SMI<\/jats:styled-content>) are more likely to use NPS<\/jats:styled-content> than people without mental illness, but the short\u2010 and long\u2010term effects of NPS<\/jats:styled-content> are largely unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method<\/jats:title>We systematically reviewed the literature about the effects of NPS<\/jats:styled-content> on people with SMI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>We included 12 case reports, 1 cross\u2010sectional survey and 1 qualitative study. Participants included mostly males aged between 20 and 35\u00a0years. A variety of NPS<\/jats:styled-content> were used, including synthetic cathinones and herbs such as Salvia<\/jats:italic>. The most commonly reported effects of NPS<\/jats:styled-content> were psychotic symptoms (in some cases novel in form and content to the patients' usual symptoms) and significant changes in behaviour, including agitation, aggression and violence. Patients' vital signs, such as blood pressure, pulse rate and temperature, were also commonly affected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>NPS<\/jats:styled-content> potentially have serious effects on people with SMI, but our findings have limited generalizability due to a reliance on case studies. There is a paucity of evidence about the long\u2010term effects of these substances. Further research is required to provide a better understanding about how different NPS<\/jats:styled-content> affect patients' mental and physical health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,2]],"date-time":"2016-04-02T17:41:03Z","timestamp":1459618863000},"page":"267-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["A systematic review of the effects of novel psychoactive substances \u2018legal highs\u2019 on people with severe mental illness"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9694-4206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services and Population Research Centre Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0951-2208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Bressington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Hong Kong Polytechnic Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Human Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Ivanecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADIGO Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr\u20102015\u2010209573"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1212"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Serotonin syndrome: a\u00a0brief review","volume":"168","author":"Birmes P.","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"BoucherA. HernuR. Citterio\u2010QuentinA. et\u00a0al. (2015).Severe poisoning after nasally administered mixture of NBOMe compounds: A case report. Clinical Toxicology Conference: 35th International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists EAPCCT 2015 St Julian's Malta. Conference Start: 20150526 Conference End: 20150529. Conference Publication: (var.pagings).53 365."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2014.929364"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858408317009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASPa)2014.CASP Checklists. Available at:http:\/\/media.wix.com\/ugd\/dded87_951541699e9edc71ce66c9bac4734c69.pdf.CASP Oxford(accessed 2 March 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASPb)2014.CASP Checklists. Available at:http:\/\/media.wix.com\/ugd\/dded87_36c5c76519f7bf14731ed1985e8e9798.pdf.CASP Oxford(accessed 2 March 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1811"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"European Commission(2011).Youth attitudes on drugs flash Eurobarometer 330. Available at:http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/public_opinion\/flash\/fl_330_en.pdf(accessed 2 March 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"2006","volume-title":"Hallucinogenic mushrooms: an emerging trend case study","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"2014","volume-title":"European drug report 2014: trends and developments","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/976314"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-010-0636-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2013.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.2344"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.111.038315"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00109-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MarquesS. ReisT. BarrocasD. et\u00a0al. (2013).Fertilizers as a pathoplastic factor of psychosis. European Neuropsychopharmacology Conference: 26th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology ECNP Congress Barcelona Spain. Conference Start: 20131005 Conference End: 20131009. Conference Publication: (var.pagings).23 S577\u2013S578.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(13)70919-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/815424"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2012.697447"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2007.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2013.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","volume-title":"Guidance on the Conduct of Narrative Synthesis in Systematic Reviews. A product from the ESRC Methods Programme","author":"Popay J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20174"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"bcr2015209573","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances: a novel clinical challenge","volume":"2015","author":"Smith C.D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ case reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.4.345"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Benzylpiperizine\u2010based party pills' impact on the Auckland City Hospital Emergency Department Overdose Database (2002\u20102004) compared with ecstasy (MDMA or methylene dioxymethamphetamine), gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), amphetamines, cocaine, and alcohol","volume":"120","author":"Theron L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"The New Zealand Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-012-0232-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127\u2010015\u20101104\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0790966700011927"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","unstructured":"WellsG. SheaB. O'ConnellD. et\u00a0al. (2013).The Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in\u00a0meta\u2010analyses. Available at:http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp(accessed 2 March 2015)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjpm.12297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjpm.12297","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jpm.12297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T12:38:21Z","timestamp":1694608701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jpm.12297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jpm.12297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpm.12297","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-0126","1365-2850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-0126","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}}}