{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:56:41Z","timestamp":1790387801889,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]],"date-time":"2013-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animal Physiology Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Different head\u2013neck positions (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HNP<\/jats:styled-content>s) are used in equestrian sports and are regarded as desirable for training and competition by riders, judges and trainers. Even though some studies have been indicative of hyperflexion having negative effects on horses, this unnatural position is frequently used. In the present study, the influence of different <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HNP<\/jats:styled-content>s on physical and psychological stress parameters in the ridden horse was investigated. Heart rate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>), heart rate variability (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>) and blood cortisol levels were measured in 18 horses. Low frequency (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LF<\/jats:styled-content>) and high frequency (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>) are power components in the frequency domain measurement of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content> which show the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Values were recorded at rest, while riding with a working <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HNP<\/jats:styled-content> and while riding with hyperflexion of the horse's head, neck and poll. In addition, rideability and behaviour during the different investigation stages were evaluated by the rider and by an observer. Neither the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content> nor the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content> showed a significant difference between working <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HNP<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a0105\u00a0\u00b1\u00a022\/min; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LF<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a03.89\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.68; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LF<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a037.28\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.77%) and hyperflexion (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a0110\u00a0\u00b1\u00a018; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LF<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.94\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.21; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LF<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a038.39\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013.01%). Blood cortisol levels revealed a significant increase comparing working <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HNP<\/jats:styled-content> (158\u00a0\u00b1\u00a060\u00a0n<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) and hyperflexion (176\u00a0\u00b1\u00a064\u00a0n<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>, p\u00a0=\u00a00.01). The evaluation of rider and observer resulted in clear changes of rideability and behavioural changes for the worse in all parameters collected between a working <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HNP<\/jats:styled-content> and hyperflexion. In conclusion, changes of the cortisol blood level as a physical parameter led to the assumption that hyperflexion of head, neck and poll effects a stress reaction in the horse, and observation of the behaviour illustrates adverse effects on the well\u2010being of horses during hyperflexion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]],"date-time":"2013-12-13T07:56:50Z","timestamp":1386921410000},"page":"901-907","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Effect of different head\u2013neck positions on physical and psychological stress parameters in the ridden horse"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Zebisch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine Equine Clinic Free University Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Equine Clinic Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Reese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Gehlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine Equine Clinic Free University Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.13.1.765"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2012.01274.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"I. 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