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In animal experiments, lactobacilli have been shown to inhibit obesity by modifying the gut microbiota, controlling inflammation and influencing the associated gene expression. A previous study found that high\u2010fat\u2010diet\u2010induced (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFD<\/jats:styled-content>) obesity was suppressed by lactobacilli ingestion in rats via the inhibition of parasympathetic nerve activity. This study explored the combined use of lactobacilli ingestion and ultrasound (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content>) to control body weight and body fat deposition in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFD<\/jats:styled-content> mice over an 8\u2010week experimental period. Male C57<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BL<\/jats:styled-content>\/6J mice received an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFD<\/jats:styled-content> during treatment and were randomly divided into four groups: (i) control group (H), (ii) lactobacilli alone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>), (iii) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content> alone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HU<\/jats:styled-content>) and (iv) lactobacilli combined with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HUB<\/jats:styled-content>). The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content> was targeted at the inguinal portion of the epididymal fat pad on the right side. At the 8th\u00a0week, body weight had decreased significantly in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HUB<\/jats:styled-content> group (15.56\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.18%, mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>) group compared with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HU<\/jats:styled-content> (26.63\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.96%) and H (32.62\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.03%) groups (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). High\u2010resolution microcomputed tomography (micro\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>) scans revealed that the reduction in total body fat volume was significantly greater in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HUB<\/jats:styled-content> group (69%) than in the other two experimental groups (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>, 52%; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HU<\/jats:styled-content>, 37%; p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The reductions in the thickness of the subcutaneous epididymal fat pads were significantly greater in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HUB<\/jats:styled-content> group (final thickness: 340\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m) than in the H (final thickness: 1150\u00a0\u00b1\u00a021\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content> (final thickness: 1060\u00a0\u00b1\u00a018\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HU<\/jats:styled-content> (final thickness: 370\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m) groups (all p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Combination therapy with lactobacilli and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content> appears to enhance the reduction in body weight, total and local body fat deposition, adipocyte size and plasma lipid levels over an 8\u2010week period over that achieved with lactobacilli or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content> alone in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFD<\/jats:styled-content> mice. These results indicate that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content> treatment alone can reduce hyperlipidemia in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFD<\/jats:styled-content> mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,30]],"date-time":"2016-03-30T01:45:14Z","timestamp":1459302314000},"page":"703-712","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Combining ultrasound and lactobacilli treatment for high\u2010fat\u2010diet\u2010induced obesity in mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"A.\u2010H.","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of medical engineering National Defense Medical Center Taipei 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