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However, the use of the xenobiotic drugs in food\u2010producing animals has been a concern and a sensitive issue of debate for several decades in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EU<\/jats:styled-content> and many other regional blocks of the world. Consequently, the use of hormones in animal production has been banned in Italy, Denmark and Germany for over 4\u20135 decades, while Belgium and Greece had never permitted its use for livestock fattening purposes. Bioactive phytochemicals exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antifungal and anti\u2010inflammatory properties and consequently have several beneficial effects on appetite, growth and the immune status of the animal. In South Africa, different species of pumpkin are produced for food due to their high nutrient content. The flesh serves as a traditional food, while the seeds and peels are commonly discarded. Pumpkin seed extract is reported to be useful for immunomodulation, reproductive health, therapeutics over a wide range of disease conditions and stimulates metabolism of accumulated fats. Studies have also shown that pumpkin seeds are a valuable source of protein and fat. Their complexity and extent of bioactivity offers sustainable prospects for natural control of pathogenic\/parasitic organisms, stimulate nutrition or enhance resistance to disease infections, and reduce abdominal fat and serum levels of harmful lipids, while increasing serum levels of beneficial lipids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]],"date-time":"2017-02-03T16:24:21Z","timestamp":1486139061000},"page":"5-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Biochemical proximates of pumpkin (Cucurbitaeae spp.) and their beneficial effects on the general well\u2010being of poultry species"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"M. C.","family":"Achilonu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Central University of Technology Bloemfontein Free State South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. C.","family":"Nwafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Central University of Technology Bloemfontein Free State South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. O.","family":"Umesiobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Central University of Technology Bloemfontein Free State South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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