{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T17:42:54Z","timestamp":1770486174050,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]],"date-time":"2017-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animal Physiology Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The activity patterns of trunk muscles are commonly neglected, in spite of their importance for maintaining body shape. Analysis of the biomechanics of the trunk under static conditions has led to predictions of the activity patterns. These hypotheses are tested experimentally by surface electromyography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMG<\/jats:styled-content>). Five horses, with and without a rider, were examined in the walk, trot and canter. Footfall was synchronised with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMG<\/jats:styled-content> by an accelerometer. Averages of ten consecutive cycles were calculated and compared by statistical methods. The start and stop times of the muscle activities of 5\u201310 undisturbed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMG<\/jats:styled-content> plots were determined and the averages and standard deviations calculated. In walking, muscle activities are minor. Electromyography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMG<\/jats:styled-content>) activity was increased in the m. rectus during the three\u2010limb support. When the bending moments assume their greatest values, for example while the horses' mass is accelerated upward (two times earth acceleration) in the diagonal support phases in trot and canter the m. rectus, connecting the sternum with the pubic bone is most active. The m. obl. externus is most active when the torsional and bending moments are greatest during the same support phases, but not bilaterally, because the forces exerted on one side by the (recorded) m. obl. externus are transmitted on the other side by the (not recorded) m. obl. internus. While the hindlegs touch the ground in the trot and canter, ground reaction forces tend to flex the hip joint and the lumbar spine. Therefore, the vertebral column needs to be stabilised by the ipsilateral m. longissimus dorsi, which in fact can be observed. As a whole, our <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMG<\/jats:styled-content> data confirm exactly what has been predicted by theoretical analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]],"date-time":"2017-11-14T12:07:39Z","timestamp":1510661259000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The biomechanical construction of the horse's body and activity patterns of three important muscles of the trunk in the walk, trot and canter"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5123-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Kienapfel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Ruhr University Bochum  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Preuschoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical Institute Ruhr University Bochum  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Wulf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport and Exercise Science University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport and Exercise Science University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(97)00094-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X397370"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6849136"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.152.1.453","article-title":"Activity of the hypaxial muscles during walking in the lizard iguana iguana","volume":"152","author":"Carrier D.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.180.1.75","article-title":"Action of the hypaxial muscles during walking and swimming in the salamander dicamptodon ensatus","volume":"180","author":"Carrier D.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"Cottriall S. 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