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The activation and proliferation of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>in response to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin was estimated by the oxygen consumption rate after 24\u00a0hr and the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTT<\/jats:styled-content>(3\u2010[4,5\u2010dimethylthiazol\u20102\u2010yl]\u20102,5diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) method after 72\u00a0hr respectively. In early lactation, the presence of 2 compared to 0.5\u00a0mmol\/L<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHB<\/jats:styled-content>reduced<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>activation (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) and proliferation (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.10), and the presence of 0.7 compared to 0.2\u00a0ng\/ml insulin enhanced (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.10)<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>proliferation. In dry cows, the presence of low concentrations of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHB<\/jats:styled-content>and insulin and both concentrations of prolactin (20 vs. 300\u00a0ng\/ml) and isoproterenol (70 vs. 130\u00a0ng\/L) enhanced activation (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.10), but not proliferation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.10) compared to cultures with no modulator addition. The presence or absence of high or low concentrations of hydrocortisone (20 vs. 45\u00a0nmol\/L) did not (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.10) influence the activation and proliferation of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>from dry and early lactating cows. It is tempting to speculate that in antepartum<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>the modulators represented an energy source or positive extrinsic signals to use nutrients for the activation process. On the other hand,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>from postpartum cows are known to be exposed to a metabolic challenging endocrine background. Under such conditions, high<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHB<\/jats:styled-content>concentrations and high insulin concentrations seem to act as negative and positive signals for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively, to utilize nutrients for activation and proliferation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T04:45:19Z","timestamp":1533617119000},"page":"1515-1520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of immune modulators on in vitro activation and proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiparous Holstein cows peripartum"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Shaopu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Meese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne E.","family":"Ulbrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Physiology Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Bollwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty Clinic of Reproductive Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"R\u00f6ntgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Muscle Biology &amp; Growth Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN) Dummerstorf Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Gimsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Behavioural Physiology Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN) Dummerstorf Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5750-2111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Schwarm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Nutrition Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.031005"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","first-page":"639","article-title":"Extrapituitary prolactin: Distribution, regulation, functions, and clinical aspects","volume":"17","author":"Ben\u2010Jonathan N.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V53.5.899.899","article-title":"Glucocorticoid effects on peripheral\u2010blood lymphocytes in cows infected with bovine leukemia\u2010virus","volume":"53","author":"Bloom J. 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