{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T21:20:44Z","timestamp":1779139244552,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSP2023R36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pericles.pericles-gcp.literatumonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animal Physiology Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A feeding trial for 90 days was conducted on Nile tilapia (<jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>) (average weight: 25.50\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05\u2009g) to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of <jats:italic>Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic> seed protein hydrolysate (AIPH). The evaluation included the impact on the growth metrics, economic efficiency, antioxidant potential, hemato\u2010biochemical indices, immune response, and histological architectures. A total of 250 fish were randomly distributed in five treatments (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200950) and received diets included with five levels of AIPH (%): 0 (control diet, AIPH0), 2 (AIPH2), 4 (AIPH4), 6 (AIPH6)\u00a0or 8 (AIPH8), where AIPH partially replace fish meal by 0, 8.7%, 17.4%, 26.1%, and 34.8%, respectively. After the feeding trial, a pathogenic bacterium (<jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>, 1.5\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> CFU\/mL) was intraperitoneally injected into the fish and the survival rate was recorded. The results elucidated that AIPH\u2010included diets significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) enhanced the growth indices (final body weight, total feed intake, total body weight gain,\u00a0and specific growth rate) and intestinal morpho\u2010metrics (villous width, length, muscular coat thickness, and goblet cells count) in comparison to the control diet, with the AIPH8 diet recording the highest values. Dietary AIPH inclusion significantly improved (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) the economic efficacy indicated by reduced feed cost\/kg gain and increased performance index. The fish fed on the AIPH diets had noticeably significantly higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) protein profile variables (total proteins\u00a0and globulin)\u00a0and antioxidant capabilities (superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity) than the AIPH0 group. The dietary inclusion of AIPH significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) boosted the haematological parameters (haemoglobin, packed cell volume %, and counts of red blood cells and white blood cells) and immune indices (serum bactericidal activity %, antiprotease activity, and immunoglobulin M\u00a0level) in a concentration\u2010dependent manner. The blood glucose and malondialdehyde levels were significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) lowered by dietary AIPH (2%\u22128%). The albumin level and hepatorenal functioning parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatinine) were not significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05) altered by AIPH diets. Additionally, AIPH diets did not adversely alter the histology of the hepatic, renal\u00a0or splenic tissues with moderately activated melano\u2010macrophage centres. The mortality rate among <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected fish declined as dietary AIPH levels rose, where the highest survival rate (86.67%) was found in the AIPH8 group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Based on the broken line regression model, our study suggests using dietary AIPH at the optimal level of 6%. Overall, dietary AIPH inclusion enhanced the growth rate, economic efficiency, health status, and resistance of Nile tilapia to the <jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic> challenge. These beneficial impacts can help the aquaculture sector to be more sustainable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T08:01:03Z","timestamp":1689062463000},"page":"1502-1516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Using <i>Azadirachta indica<\/i> protein hydrolysate as a plant protein in Nile tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus<\/i>) diet: Effects on the growth, economic efficiency, antioxidant\u2010immune response\u00a0and resistance to <i>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1351-8370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afaf N.","family":"Abdel Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University Zagazig Sharkia Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8349-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimaa A.","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University Zagazig Sharkia Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amany","family":"Behairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University Zagazig Sharkia Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elsayed M.","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelwahab A.","family":"Abdelwarith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture Zagazig University Zagazig Sharkia Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amr A.","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Nutrition Research Unit ANRU, Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, College of Science and Engineering University of Galway Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rowida E.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University Zagazig Sharkia Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2016.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8040199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13361"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2009.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.108717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Abowei J. F. N. &Ekubo A. T.(2011).Some principles and requirements in fish nutrition.http:\/\/agris.fao.org\/agris-search\/search.do?recordID=AV2012079604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13765"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"124","article-title":"Urea and creatinine of Clarias gariepinus in three different commercial ponds","volume":"12","author":"Ajeniyi S. A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Natural Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Streptococcosis in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): A review","volume":"34","author":"Amal M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734871"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater","author":"APHA","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.103989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/fns.2016.76049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Amino acid analysis","volume":"3","author":"Bassler R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Methodenbuch, Die Chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201820170730"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1997.0092"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Boyd C. E. &Tucker C. S. (2012).Pond aquaculture water quality management.Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.09.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","volume-title":"Veterinary clinical pathology","author":"Coles E. H.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"In\u2010vitro free radical scavenging, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. of Assam","volume":"3","author":"Deka H.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advancements in Life Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-021-01036-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Physical characteristics, chemical composition and distribution of constituents of the neem seeds (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) collected in Senegal. Research","volume":"5","author":"Djibril D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","volume-title":"Tilapia culture","author":"El\u2010Sayed A. F. M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(92)90278-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.816341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","volume-title":"Schalm's veterinary hematology","author":"Feldman B. F.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/JCVR.2021.160254"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-181X.2019.00019.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2000.720"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2019.110389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2005.00357.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2020.100545"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2022.101276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18805\/ijar.B-3740"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)00219-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070904"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2016.1251926"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-2596-3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7060180"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.03.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-011-0186-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","first-page":"240","volume-title":"Commercial chicken production manual","author":"North M.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp","author":"NRC","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/rjmp.2011.230.245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR20127048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2021.111058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.99541"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2011.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","volume-title":"Methods in clinical chemistry","author":"Schultz L.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7970424"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2095.2000.00134.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34182-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00827"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","volume-title":"Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques","author":"Suvarna S. K.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/3294-VETMED"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22038\/ijbms.2021.48965.11218"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12679"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2011.00896.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jpn.13857","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T15:28:53Z","timestamp":1701271733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jpn.13857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jpn.13857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpn.13857","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0931-2439","1439-0396"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0931-2439","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0396","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}