{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:23:18Z","timestamp":1791336198297,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animal Physiology Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unlike wild giraffe that primarily consume low starch browse, the preference of zoo\u2010housed giraffe for consuming supplemental feeds over forage could increase the risk of digestive disorders such as ruminal acidosis. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of modifying a supplemental feed's non\u2010fibre carbohydrate profile and physical form on nutritional, behavioural, and blood measures of giraffe in a zoological setting. Six non\u2010lactating, adult, female reticulated giraffes were used in a two\u2010pen modified reversal study using two dietary treatments in seven 21\u2010day periods with data collected on days 15\u201321. Dietary treatments were a control feed comprised of commercially available products used at the time as the giraffe feed (GF) and an unpelleted experimental feed (EF). On a dry matter basis, GF and EF, respectively, contained 17.0% and 17.4% crude protein, 14.2% and 1.5% starch, 14.9% and 21.3% ethanol\u2010soluble carbohydrates, 22.9% and 26.0% acid detergent fibre (ADF)\u00a0and 9.50% and 14.9% ND\u2010soluble fibre (NDSF), with modulus of fineness values of 3.62 and 4.82. Supplemental feeds, alfalfa hay, salt, and water were available for <jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic> consumption. Significance was declared at <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.05. Intakes of hay, supplemental feeds, and total feed did not differ by diet (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.28), though intakes of starch (0.93 and 0.12\u2009kg; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05) and ADF (1.83 and 2.23\u2009kg; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04) differed between GF and EF\u00a0respectively. Giraffe behaviour values (min\/48\u2009h) were greater with EF for total eating (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04); diets were not detected as different for engagement in oral stereotypes (GF\u2009=\u2009433, EF\u2009=\u2009318\u2009min\/48\u2009h; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.22). Blood glucose was higher on GF than EF (99.0 and 82.3\u2009mg\/dL; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03). The lower EF blood glucose value is more similar to ranges reported for domesticated ruminants. No differences were detected for changes in body weight or body condition score in the 21\u2010day periods (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.32). Modification of supplemental feed carbohydrate profile and physical form can influence behaviour and blood glucose values of zoo\u2010housed giraffe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T05:00:53Z","timestamp":1712638853000},"page":"1119-1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of altering diet carbohydrate profile and physical form on zoo\u2010housed giraffe <i>Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Celeste C.","family":"Kearney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray L.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Busch Gardens Tampa Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5460-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Beth","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center USDA\u2010Agricultural Research Service Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-1779"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 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