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Urinary C\u2010terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX\u2010I) offers a useful non\u2010invasive marker to assess bone resorption. We measured urinary CTX\u2010I in wild female Assamese macaques (\n                    <jats:italic>Macaca assamensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) living at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. A total of 663 urine samples were collected from 19 adult females between June 2017 and January 2019 and analysed using a CTX\u2010I ELISA. Generalised additive modelling revealed a non\u2010linear relationship between days relative to conception and urinary CTX\u2010I levels, with higher values before conception and after parturition, and lower levels during pregnancy. However, this pattern remained when lactating females from the previous year (6 out of 19) were excluded, and further analyses showed that the seasonal, rather than the reproductive term, best\u2010explained variation in urinary CTX\u2010I levels. CTX\u2010I levels showed two annual peaks, with the main one occurring in the late rainy season (August\u2013September). Seasonal changes in urine concentration did not account for this pattern. These findings suggest that, in the study population of Assamese macaques, bone resorption varies with season, possibly in response to environmental or endocrine cycles, rather than being primarily driven by the metabolic demands of reproduction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.70108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:44:37Z","timestamp":1788173077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Year in the Bones: Investigating Bone Resorption Across a Reproductive Year in Wild Female Assamese Macaques"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6338-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Behringer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Ecology Department University of Goettingen G\u00f6ttingen Germany"},{"name":"Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Center Leibniz 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