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Yet little is known about the occurrence of other toxigenic species of the genus <jats:italic>Alexandrium<\/jats:italic>, or of their toxin composition beyond coastal waters. The distribution of <jats:italic>Alexandrium<\/jats:italic> species and related toxins in the Argentine Sea was determined by sampling surface waters on an oceanographic expedition during austral spring from ~39\u00b0S to 48\u00b0S. Light microscope and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEM<\/jats:styled-content> analysis for species identification and enumeration was supplemented by confirmatory <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> analysis from field samples. The most frequent <jats:italic>Alexandrium<\/jats:italic> taxon identified by microscopy corresponded to the classical description of <jats:italic>A.\u00a0tamarense<\/jats:italic>. Only weak signals of Group I from the <jats:italic>A.\u00a0tamarense<\/jats:italic> species complex were detected by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> of bulk field samples, but phylogenetic reconstruction of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rDNA<\/jats:styled-content> sequences from single cells from one station assigned them to ribotype Group I (<jats:italic>Alexandrium catenella<\/jats:italic>). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> probes for <jats:italic>Alexandrium minutum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Alexandrium ostenfeldii<\/jats:italic> yielded a positive signal, although <jats:italic>A.\u00a0minutum<\/jats:italic> morphology did not completely match the classical description. Analysis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PSP<\/jats:styled-content> toxin composition of plankton samples revealed toxin profiles dominated by gonyautoxins (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GTX<\/jats:styled-content>1\/4). The main toxic cyclic imine detected was 13\u2010desMe\u2010spirolide C and this supported the association with <jats:italic>A.\u00a0ostenfeldii<\/jats:italic> in the field. This study represents the first integrated molecular, morphological and toxinological analysis of field populations of the genus <jats:italic>Alexandrium<\/jats:italic> in the Argentine Sea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]],"date-time":"2017-08-09T23:32:55Z","timestamp":1502321575000},"page":"1206-1222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Morphological, molecular, and toxin analysis of field populations of <i>Alexandrium<\/i> genus from the Argentine Sea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2208-3308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Fabro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Ficolog\u00eda Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata Paseo del Bosque s\/n (B1900FWA) La Plata Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gast\u00f3n O.","family":"Almandoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Ficolog\u00eda Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata Paseo del Bosque s\/n (B1900FWA) La Plata Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Ferrario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Ficolog\u00eda Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata Paseo del Bosque s\/n (B1900FWA) La Plata Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institut\u2010Helmholtz Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar\u2010 und Meeresforschung Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8207-4382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urban","family":"Tillmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institut\u2010Helmholtz Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar\u2010 und Meeresforschung Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Toebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institut\u2010Helmholtz Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar\u2010 und Meeresforschung Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Krock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institut\u2010Helmholtz Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar\u2010 und Meeresforschung Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Cembella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institut\u2010Helmholtz Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar\u2010 und Meeresforschung Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2003.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2012.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-19572014000300008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2014.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2009.00767.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels and Alexandrium tamarense at Valdes Peninsula, Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina: kinetics of a natural depuration","volume":"18","author":"Andrinolo D.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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