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In diploid\u2010dominant angiosperms, combined (i.e., hermaphroditism) and separate sexes are expected to correlate with selfing and outcrossing, respectively. When sex is determined in the haploid phase, selfing is possible even when there are separate sexes. The freshwater red macroalgal genus <jats:italic>Sheathia<\/jats:italic> (Batrachospermales) displays sexual system variation within and among populations, but no prior data exist on the reproductive systems of these populations. We developed 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci to characterize the reproductive system and genetic structure of three <jats:italic>Sheathia<\/jats:italic> species. We observed cross\u2010amplification of loci across the three targeted species, suggesting these markers may be useful in other <jats:italic>Sheathia<\/jats:italic> spp. We observed variation in monoicy (i.e., hermaphroditism) versus dioicy (i.e., separate sexes) in each species, including <jats:italic>S. americana<\/jats:italic>, which was previously believed to be obligately dioicous. Our data suggest that <jats:italic>S. americana<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. involuta<\/jats:italic> display more variation in their prevailing reproductive modes as compared to <jats:italic>S. grandis<\/jats:italic>. Generally, dioicy resulted in greater diversity in contrast to monoicy. We observed strong population structure that is likely driven by uniparental reproduction and limited dispersal; however, there is limited population connectivity that may be facilitated by long\u2010distance dispersal events. Overall, these data contribute to our knowledge of the relationship between the sexual system, reproductive system, and population genetic structure in haploid\u2010diploid taxa, thereby informing a broader understanding of the evolution of sex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.70032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T12:45:42Z","timestamp":1748263542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Monoicy, dioicy, and genetic structure in three species of <i>Sheathia<\/i> (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta)"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Shainker\u2010Connelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6064-5941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solenn","family":"Stoeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability) INRAE, Institut Agro, IFREMER  Rennes France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3087-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan L.","family":"Vis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Plant Biology Ohio University  Athens Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7324-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacy A.","family":"Krueger\u2010Hadfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"},{"name":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science Eastern Shore Laboratory  Wachapreague Virginia USA"},{"name":"William and Mary's Batten School of Coastal and Marine Science  Gloucester Point Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471\u20108278.2000.00014.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u2010294X.2011.05117.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13932"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u2010294X.2007.03535.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2014.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Auguie B.(2017).gridExtra: Miscellaneous functions for \u201cGrid\u201d graphics. 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