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The giant kelp\n                    <jats:italic>Macrocystis pyrifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    is sensitive to increasing seawater temperatures and susceptible to marine heatwaves. Light availability and hydrodynamics can also affect the growth, morphology, and resilience of this species. In this experiment, juvenile sporophytes of\n                    <jats:italic>M. pyrifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0from Scorching Bay, Wellington, Aotearoa, New Zealand, a were exposed to a combination of simulated marine heatwaves at one of four different temperatures (20, 22, and 24\u00b0C compared to a 16\u00b0C control), one of two irradiance levels (shaded: 0.9\u2009mol photons\u2009\u00b7\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009\u00b7\u2009d\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    or ambient: 1.4\u2009mol photons\u2009\u00b7\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009\u00b7\u2009d\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and one of two flow speeds (5.3\u2009cm\u2009\u00b7\u2009s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    or 6.1\u2009cm\u2009\u00b7\u2009s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) in a fully factorial design. Simulated heatwaves lasted for 21\u2009days, with temperatures ramped by 2\u00b0C\u2009\u00b7\u2009d\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , followed by a 21\u2010day recovery phase. The heatwave treatments represented severe heatwaves in present day or hypothetical future conditions, whereas the control represented historical average summer sea temperatures in Wellington, and 21\u2009days represented a realistic duration for heatwaves in this region. Temperature was the main driver of negative physiological impacts, with 100% of sporophytes dying within 42\u2009days of exposure to a 24\u00b0C heatwave. Sporophytes experienced 44% mortality at 20\u00b0C and 81% mortality at 22\u00b0C, and growth rates declined significantly with increasing temperature. However, survival rates were modified by light and water velocity, with 56% of sporophytes surviving under a combination of ambient light and fast water velocity, compared with less than 50% under each of the other light\u2010velocity combinations. Light limitation also reduced sporophyte survival, growth rates, and effective quantum yield. Water velocity alone did not significantly affect sporophytes, but flow speeds had interactive effects with temperature and light. The findings of this experiment suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>M.\u2009pyrifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    at sites with optimal environmental conditions, including low sediment loads and fast tidal flows, could be more resilient to marine heatwaves, as long as temperatures do not exceed critical thresholds for survival.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.70054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T10:34:53Z","timestamp":1752834893000},"page":"1173-1194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Light limitation and water velocity modify the impacts of simulated marine heatwaves on juvenile giant kelp"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5407-0163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imogen","family":"Bunting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, and Coastal People Southern Skies Centre of Research Excellence Victoria University of Wellington Te Herenga Waka  Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bornemann Santamar\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, and Coastal People Southern Skies Centre of Research Excellence Victoria University of Wellington Te Herenga Waka  Wellington New Zealand"},{"name":"National Institute of Water and Atmosphere Research Taihoro Nukurangi  Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Yi","family":"Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Water and Atmosphere Research Taihoro Nukurangi  Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik C.","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, and Coastal People Southern Skies Centre of Research Excellence Victoria University of Wellington Te Herenga Waka  Wellington New Zealand"},{"name":"Red Sea Research Centre King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia C.","family":"Mullarney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Marine Group, School of Science University of Waikato  Hamilton New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"D'Archino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Water and Atmosphere Research Taihoro Nukurangi  Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Cornwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, and Coastal People Southern Skies Centre of Research Excellence Victoria University of Wellington Te Herenga Waka  Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.13433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00499"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08\u20101213.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.13332"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"Bates D. 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