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Hence, this study investigated the morphological and molecular effects of ethanol stress on\n                    <jats:italic>C. sorokiniana<\/jats:italic>\n                    by providing 0.0%, 0.025%, and 0.1% (v\/v) ethanol. The results showed that cell growth, chlorophyll\n                    <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and photosynthetic efficiency were promoted under 0.025% ethanol. In contrast, the cells under 0.1% ethanol treatment were highly stressed; cell growth and physiological activities were inhibited, the content of cellular lipid, carbohydrate, reactive oxygen species, and the cell volume increased, and palmelloid\u2010like structures with copious cell envelopes and higher cell wall carbohydrate contents were observed. The transcriptomic gene set enrichment analysis showed that chitin binding and organelle organization were upregulated while the developmental process was downregulated. Genes for actin\u2010related\u20102, auxin\u2010biding 1, phosphatidylinositol 4\u2010kinase alpha1, phosphatidylinositol 4\u2010phosphate 5\u2010kinase 2 isoform A, and cytokinesis dedicator 4 were downregulated, whereas polysaccharide export, putative polygalacturonase, carbohydrate deacetylase, chitin, cellulose biosynthesis, and unsaturation of fatty acids were upregulated, implying polysaccharide was incorporated into the cell wall, and the rigidity of the cell membrane was promoted. These results suggest the suppression of the developmental process and cytokinesis and the overexpression of microtubules and cell\u2010envelope genes could be the driving force for palmelloid\u2010like structure formation, which could enhance the survival of cells under stress conditions by reducing cell surface area, promoting the production of protective cover and settleability, and adjusting cell rigidity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.70077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T11:41:03Z","timestamp":1756122063000},"page":"1339-1354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Palmelloid\u2010like structure formation mechanism in\n                    <i>Chlorella sorokiniana<\/i>\n                    under ethanol 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