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Cell homogenate filtrate (CHF) was added to batch cultures via single or repeated doses to simulate acute and sustained cell disruption associated with grazing. Results showed that CHF exposure did not affect growth rate, cell abundance, and morphological traits, including chain density, average chain length, and frustule silicification, in either species. In contrast, cellular DA content increased significantly in response to CHF addition, reaching up to 2.16\u2010fold higher in\n                    <jats:italic>P. multiseries<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 1.44\u2010fold in\n                    <jats:italic>P. fukuyoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , particularly during the decline phase. The magnitude of these toxicogenic responses depended on species identity, growth stage, and cue delivery regime, with repeated or persistent cue exposure eliciting stronger responses. Algal physiological parameters and environmental conditions (pH, nutrients, bacterial abundance) remained largely unchanged, indicating that toxin induction was primarily driven by direct sensing of algal\u2010derived infochemicals rather than indirect environmental effects. Notably, enhanced DA production occurred without detectable reductions in growth or cell abundance. These findings demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudo\u2010nitzschia<\/jats:italic>\n                    can deploy efficient, chemically mediated defenses in response to conspecific alarm cues, with important implications for toxin regulation, grazer\u2010prey interactions, and the ecological dynamics of harmful algal blooms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.70179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T12:57:22Z","timestamp":1779800242000},"page":"1016-1030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conspecific alarm cues induce chemical but not morphological defenses in\n                    <i>Pseudo\u2010nitzschia<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4098-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muyao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada Gulf Fisheries Center  Moncton New Brunswick Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396\u2010018\u20100094\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2018.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2012.57.1.0318"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.11414"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2319177121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.576971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07\u20100403.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2024.102628"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fby039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101899"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2025.102998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3148"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529\u20108817.2004.03213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5374.237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527613984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102435.13635"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m62\u2010029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md13063809"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163708"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.13042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2019.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2025.102920"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102435.2010.01789.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.13108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12562\u2010009\u20100081\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010023\u201000975\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2006.51.3.1466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611600104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps273001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2018.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2006.51.1.0109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9398-8_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2007.52.1.0079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2024.102602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c08851"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.2735"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12395"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2480"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2017.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429453465-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396\u2010021\u201000908\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2004.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00049\u2010016\u20100208\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461\u20100248.2005.00744.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1420154112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050772"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/ame01159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/ame"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02483-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.6.1364"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2011.56.3.0829"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2012.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","d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