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However, kelp forests worldwide are declining due to abiotic stressors such as ocean warming. In this study, we present results from high\u2010resolution confocal microscopy and in\u00a0vivo imaging system imaging using protocols developed to visualize kelp gametophyte cells exposed to heat\u2010stress treatments. Imaging revealed chloroplast mislocalization, fragmentation, and subsequent loss of chloroplasts in heat\u2010stressed gametophyte cells. Additionally, nuclei exhibited fragmentation and a progressive loss of fluorescent signal, and the associated microbiome proliferated under various heat\u2010stress treatments. Notably, because brown algae possess a continuous outer membrane that connects the nuclear envelope and the chloroplast envelope, these observations suggest a cellular vulnerability underlying thermal sensitivity in brown macroalgae. Finally, by comparing heat\u2010stress tolerant and heat\u2010stress sensitive genotypes, we found that genotypes with higher heat tolerance exhibited substantially fewer abnormalities compared to sensitive ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.70196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T08:10:59Z","timestamp":1781770259000},"page":"1129-1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heat stress induces organelle alterations in\n                    <i>Macrocystis pyrifera<\/i>\n                    gametophytes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7420-7341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maddelyn","family":"Harden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David 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