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To elucidate the genomic foundations of its ecological success, we generated a fully annotated, chromosome\u2010scale nuclear genome assembly of the type strain originally isolated from a saline pond in San Francisco Bay. The 18.5\u2010Mb genome comprises 30 chromosomal assemblies, exhibits clear diploidy, and contains multiple copies of intact Ty3\/Gypsy and Ty1\/Copia long terminal repeat retrotransposons encoding polyproteins with atypical accessory domains. Phylogenomic analyses reveal strong affinity with the Nephroselmidophyceae. Comparative analyses reveal extensive metabolic streamlining, including the absence of a queuosine salvage pathway, the 2\u2010methylcitrate cycle, \u03b2\u2010oxidation of propionate, and branched\u2010chain amino acid catabolism, traits retained in several marine prasinophyte lineages. In contrast, the genome preserves multiple ancestral bacterial derived systems. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>P. salinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    features a complete chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase\u2010like complex, including all membrane, electron binding, and assembly components, a configuration not previously reported in sequenced chlorophyte algae. This retention implies substantial capacity for cyclic electron flow and chlororespiration, processes expected to be critical in chronically low\u2010light and chemically extreme environments. The genome further reveals a distinctive biochemical CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010concentrating mechanism centered on plastid\u2010targeted phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, complete plastid peptidoglycan biosynthetic and remodeling pathways, and partial retention of lipid\u2010A\u2013related machinery. Conversely,\n                    <jats:italic>P. salinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    lacks canonical non\u2010photochemical quenching proteins while retaining xanthophyll\u2010cycle enzymes that support slower photoprotective responses. Together, these features define a coordinated genomic architecture that underpins the specialization of\n                    <jats:italic>P. salinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    to hypersaline, alkaline, and persistently low\u2010light ecosystems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.70235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:47:22Z","timestamp":1789030042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome\u2010scale insights into metabolic streamlining and photosynthetic energy balance in the extremophile green alga\n                    <i>Picocystis salinarum<\/i>\n                    (Picocystophyceae, Chlorophyta)"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9580-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Lemieux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de 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