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The aim of this study was to compare the total levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 in the gingival crevicular fluid of healthy patients with gingivitis (HG), healthy patients with chronic periodontitis (HP), patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and gingivitis (DM2G) and patients with type 2 DM and chronic periodontitis (DM2P).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 80 patients were included: 20 HG, 20 HP, 20 DM2G and 20 DM2P. The levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 in gingival crevicular fluid were measured using ELISA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The DM2P group had significantly higher periodontal clinical parameters at sites from which gingival crevicular fluid was collected compared with the other groups. The HG group had significantly lower periodontal clinical parameters within the gingival crevicular fluid\u2010collected sites than did the HP, DM2G and DM2P groups. The gingival crevicular fluid of the DM2P group had significantly higher levels of total <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 than did that of the other groups; the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 levels were significantly higher in the gingival crevicular fluid of the DM2G group than in that of the the non\u2010DM type 2 groups (HG and HP). The gingival crevicular fluid of the HP group had significantly higher levels of total <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 in comparison with that of the HG group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>As a result of the observed vascular and cell activity changes that occur within patients diagnosed with DM, periodontal diseases become more severe. These changes hinder the migration and the ability of chemotactic factors and leukocytes to protect periodontal tissues from the effects of microorganisms. In order to eliminate microorganisms, the epithelial cells in patients with DM may release more <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 into the gingival crevicular fluid. Determining the amount of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103 in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with and without DM will help to elucidate the relationship among <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103, DM and periodontal disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T17:53:10Z","timestamp":1357062790000},"page":"475-482","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Gingival crevicular fluid levels of human beta\u2010defensins 1 and 3 in subjects with periodontitis and\/or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"A. 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