{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:55:35Z","timestamp":1778824535281,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,21]],"date-time":"2013-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effects of tobacco smoking on the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease have been well documented. However, very few studies have assessed the effects of oral smokeless tobacco (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content>) on the periodontium. Considering the widespread use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content> products globally, the effects of such products on the periodontal tissues may be important. The present study was performed to compare retrospectively the patterns of periodontal destruction among oral <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content> users and never\u2010users with periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from 149 patients with periodontitis (60 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content> users and 89 never\u2010users) were compared for mean scores of probing depth, recession (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REC<\/jats:styled-content>) and clinical attachment loss (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAL<\/jats:styled-content>) and the mean percentage of sites with different ranges of probing depth, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAL<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For full\u2010mouth scores, mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAL<\/jats:styled-content> were significantly higher in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content> users than in never\u2010users (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.008, respectively). For different regions of the dentition, mean scores of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REC<\/jats:styled-content> were significantly higher among <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content> users than among never\u2010users (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 for all regions), and mean scores of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAL<\/jats:styled-content> were significantly higher for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content> users in mandibular (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), buccal (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.008), lingual (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.022), anterior (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.012) and molar (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.009) sites. Generally, there were higher percentages of sites with shallow pockets (0\u20133\u00a0mm), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REC<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0of \u2265\u00a01\u00a0mm and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAL<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0of \u2265\u00a03\u00a0mm in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content> users than in never\u2010users. However, only differences for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REC<\/jats:styled-content> categories were significant for all regions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content> users had a significantly higher proportion of sites with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAL<\/jats:styled-content> of \u22658\u00a0mm for full\u2010mouth sites (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003), mandibular teeth (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), buccal sites (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002), anterior teeth (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.040) and molars (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.007).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>ST users tend to have more severe <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAL<\/jats:styled-content> and a greater proportion of sites with higher values of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAL<\/jats:styled-content> compared with never\u2010users. The greatest increase in severity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAL<\/jats:styled-content> was found to be localized to sites on mandibular teeth, buccal surfaces, anteriors and molars, which may be a result of the retention of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ST<\/jats:styled-content> product in the oral cavity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,21]],"date-time":"2013-02-21T10:46:37Z","timestamp":1361443597000},"page":"623-631","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Comparison of periodontal destruction patterns among patients with and without the habit of smokeless tobacco use \u2013 a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"P. 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