{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T23:25:29Z","timestamp":1788650729170,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Korea Government","award":["2012-0009421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012-0009421"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"Background and Objective<\/jats:title>Indoleamine 2,3\u2010dioxygenase (IDO<\/jats:styled-content>) is a tryptophan\u2010oxidizing enzyme with immune\u2010inhibitory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of IDO<\/jats:styled-content> by lipopolysaccharide (LPS<\/jats:styled-content>), a component of gram\u2010negative bacteria, in human periodontal ligament (PDL<\/jats:styled-content>) cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>Human PDL<\/jats:styled-content> cells and gingival fibroblasts (GF<\/jats:styled-content>s) were prepared from explants of human PDLs and from gingival tissues of clinically healthy donors, respectively. Real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR, western blotting and the IDO<\/jats:styled-content> enzyme assay were performed to determine the expression of IDO<\/jats:styled-content> following LPS<\/jats:styled-content> treatment of cells. LPS<\/jats:styled-content> was injected into mice tail veins to evaluate the effects of LPS <\/jats:styled-content>in vivo<\/jats:italic> in the maxillary first molar. Immunofluorescence staining and histological analysis were followed to localize IDO<\/jats:styled-content> in mouse PDL<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The level of expression of IDO<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> in primary human PDL<\/jats:styled-content> cells after LPS<\/jats:styled-content> treatment was increased in a dose\u2010dependent manner, reaching a peak 8\u00a0h after LPS<\/jats:styled-content> treatment. The expression and activities of IDO<\/jats:styled-content> protein were significantly increased in comparison with those of the control. In addition, the increased production of kynurenine in culture medium was observed 72\u00a0h after LPS<\/jats:styled-content> treatment. In the immunofluorescence findings, stronger immunoreactivities were shown in PDL<\/jats:styled-content> than in gingival tissues in the maxillae. In accordance with the immunofluorescence findings, LPS<\/jats:styled-content> treatment induced a strong up\u2010regulation of IDO<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> in human PDL<\/jats:styled-content> cells, whereas human GF<\/jats:styled-content>s showed only a weak response to LPS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>These results clearly show that IDO<\/jats:styled-content> was induced by LPS<\/jats:styled-content> in primary human PDL<\/jats:styled-content> cells, suggesting that PDL<\/jats:styled-content> might be involved in the regulation of oral inflammatory disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T20:44:37Z","timestamp":1363293877000},"page":"733-739","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Lipopolysaccharide\u2010induced indoleamine 2,3\u2010dioxygenase expression in the periodontal ligament"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"J. S.","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 2nd stage Brain Korea, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, Chonnam National University Gwangju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. R.","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 2nd stage Brain Korea, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, Chonnam National University Gwangju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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W.","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology College of Medicine, Seonam University Namwon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology College of Medicine, Seonam University Namwon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 2nd stage Brain Korea, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, Chonnam National University Gwangju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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