{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:20:51Z","timestamp":1760646051502},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,14]],"date-time":"2013-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Education, Research and Youth"},{"name":"The National University Research Council","award":["PN-II-IDEI 2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-II-IDEI 2008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fractal and multifractal analysis are useful additional non\u2010invasive methods for quantitative description of complex morphological features. However, the quantitative and qualitative assessment of morphologic changes within human gingival cells and tissues are still unexplored. The aim of this work is to assess the structural gingival changes in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCP<\/jats:styled-content>), before and after scaling and root planing (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRP<\/jats:styled-content>) by using fractal and multifractal analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve adults with untreated chronic periodontitis were treated only by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRP<\/jats:styled-content>. At baseline and after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRP<\/jats:styled-content>, gingivomucosal biopsies were collected for histopathological examination. Fractal and multifractal analysis of digital images of the granular, spinous and basal and conjunctive layers structure, using the standard box\u2010counting method was performed. The fractal dimension was determined for cell membrane, nuclear membrane of cell and nucleolus membrane of cell.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCP<\/jats:styled-content> a higher fractal dimension corresponds to a higher geometric complexity of cells contour, as its values increase when the contour irregularities increase. The generalized fractal dimensions were determined for the conjunctive layer structure of patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCP<\/jats:styled-content> and patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCP<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRP<\/jats:styled-content>. The fractal and multifractal analysis of gingival biopsies confirmed earlier findings that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRP<\/jats:styled-content> reduces gingival injury in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCP<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It has been shown that fractal and multifractal analysis of tissue images as a non\u2010invasive technique could be used to measure contrasting morphologic changes within human gingival cells and tissues and can provide detailed information for investigation of healthy and diseased gingival mucosa from patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCP<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,14]],"date-time":"2013-05-14T10:59:03Z","timestamp":1368529143000},"page":"186-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of scaling and root planing effect in generalized chronic periodontitis by fractal and multifractal analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"A. 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