{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T22:55:13Z","timestamp":1785797713130,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,9]],"date-time":"2013-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP","award":["2010\/12570-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2010\/12570-8"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP","award":["2010\/13120-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2010\/13120-6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"Background and Objective<\/jats:title>Antimicrobial therapy can suppress periodontal pathogens and increase the effectiveness of conventional mechanical treatment. The aim of this study was to assess bone loss and the immune inflammatory response of rats under the influence of two photosensitizing agents (MB<\/jats:styled-content> and TBO<\/jats:styled-content>) at two different concentrations in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT<\/jats:styled-content>), used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>Periodontitis was induced in the mandibular first molars of 162 rats. The animals were divided into nine groups: G1 \u2013 scaling and root planing (SRP<\/jats:styled-content>); G2 \u2013 SRP<\/jats:styled-content> plus 100\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL of methylene blue (MB<\/jats:styled-content>); G3 \u2013 SRP<\/jats:styled-content> plus 10\u00a0mg\/mL of MB<\/jats:styled-content>; G4 \u2013 SRP<\/jats:styled-content> plus 100\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL of toluidine blue (TBO<\/jats:styled-content>); G5 \u2013 SRP<\/jats:styled-content> plus 10\u00a0mg\/mL of TBO<\/jats:styled-content>; G6 \u2013 SRP<\/jats:styled-content> plus 100\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL of MB<\/jats:styled-content> and laser; G7 \u2013 SRP<\/jats:styled-content> plus 10\u00a0mg\/mL of MB<\/jats:styled-content> and laser; G8 \u2013 SRP<\/jats:styled-content> plus 100\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL of TBO<\/jats:styled-content> and laser; and G9 \u2013 SRP<\/jats:styled-content> plus 10\u00a0mg\/mL of TBO<\/jats:styled-content> and laser. Six animals from each group were euthanized 7, 15, or 30\u00a0d after treatment. Bone loss (BL<\/jats:styled-content>) in the furcation region was evaluated using histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses to detect the receptor activator of nuclear factor\u2010\u039aappa B ligand (RANKL<\/jats:styled-content>), osteoprotegerin (OPG<\/jats:styled-content>) and tartrate\u2010resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>There was significantly less BL<\/jats:styled-content> in animals treated with aPDT<\/jats:styled-content> using low concentrations of MB<\/jats:styled-content> and TBO<\/jats:styled-content> at 7, 15 and 30\u00a0d. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased RANKL<\/jats:styled-content> and increased OPG<\/jats:styled-content> in the aPDT<\/jats:styled-content> groups and decreased TRAP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive cells in G<\/jats:styled-content>6 and G<\/jats:styled-content>8.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>aPDT<\/jats:styled-content>, using low concentrations of MB<\/jats:styled-content> and TBO<\/jats:styled-content>, was the most effective adjuvant therapy to SRP<\/jats:styled-content>, acting indirectly as a downregulator of the molecular mechanisms that control bone resorption in periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,9]],"date-time":"2013-11-09T08:14:37Z","timestamp":1383984877000},"page":"584-594","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Effect of the concentration of phenothiazine photosensitizers in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on bone loss and the immune inflammatory response of induced periodontitis in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"V. G.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for the Research and Study of Laser in Dentistry Division of Periodontics Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) Ara\u00e7atuba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Master Course Dental School of Barretos University Center of the Educational Foundation of Barretos Barretos S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for the Research and Study of Laser in Dentistry Division of Periodontics Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) Ara\u00e7atuba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. C.","family":"Gualberto J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for the Research and Study of Laser in Dentistry Division of Periodontics Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) Ara\u00e7atuba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. F.","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group for the Research and Study of Laser in Dentistry Division of Periodontics Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) Ara\u00e7atuba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J. 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