{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:16:33Z","timestamp":1777392993510,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,27]],"date-time":"2013-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NCRR","award":["P20 RR020145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 RR020145"]}]},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences at the University of Kentucky"},{"name":"NCRR and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","award":["NIH UL1 RR033173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH UL1 RR033173"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P20 GM103538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 GM103538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1 TR000117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smoking has been reported to increase the risk of periodontal disease by disrupting the balance of immune responses and tissue repair processes; however, this risk varies among smokers. Cotinine levels in saliva are routinely used to measure the level of smoking, and reflect the quantity of nicotine, and other smoking\u2010related xenobiotics that challenge host systems. This study delineated characteristics of inflammatory mediators in saliva and serum antibody responses to both periodontal pathogens and commensal bacteria in smokers as they related to cotinine levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This case\u2013control study (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0279) examined salivary inflammatory mediator responses [interleukin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>)\u20101\u00df, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, prostaglandin E2, myeloperoxidase and plasminogen activator inhibitor\u20101], and serum IgG antibody responses to three periodontal pathogens (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ggregatibacter actinomyce\u2010temcomitans, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>orphyromonas gingivalis, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>reponema denticola<\/jats:italic>) and five commensal oral microorganisms (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>eillonella parvula, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>treptococcus sanguis, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>revotella loescheii, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ctinomyces naeslundii, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>apnocytophaga ochracea<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The patients were stratified into health (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a030), gingivitis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a055) and periodontitis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0184); cotinine levels correlated with reported smoking habits in health, less so with gingivitis, and were not correlated in periodontitis. Of the inflammatory mediators\/acute phase proteins, only <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u00df levels were positively associated (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) with the pack years and cotinine levels. As might be predicted, patients with periodontitis smoked more (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and had higher levels of cotinine. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u00df and antibody to <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0actinomycetemcomitans, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0denticola<\/jats:italic> were significantly higher in the patients with periodontitis than either patients with gingivitis or who were healthy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Generally, antibody to the pathogens and commensals was lower with decreased cotinine levels. Smoking exacerbated differences in both inflammatory mediators and three antibody in periodontal disease compared to healthy subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,27]],"date-time":"2013-11-27T13:47:44Z","timestamp":1385560064000},"page":"642-651","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Smoking\u2010related cotinine levels and host responses in chronic periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"J. L.","family":"Ebersole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Oral Health Research College of Dentistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral Health Practice College of Dentistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Oral Health Research College of Dentistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. V.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Practice College of Dentistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Al\u2010Sabbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Practice College of Dentistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 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