{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T11:10:42Z","timestamp":1769598642510,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,8]],"date-time":"2014-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Zealand Dental Association Research Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"Background and Objective<\/jats:title>The role of two recently identified and closely related T\u2010helper cell subsets \u2013 regulatory T\u2010cells [Tregs; forkhead box P3\u2010positive (FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup>)] and Th17 cells [interleukin\u201017\u2010positive (IL\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>17+<\/jats:sup>)] \u2013 in periodontal disease is yet to be determined. Tregs are essential in maintaining peripheral tolerance and regulating the immune response. Th17 cells play a critical role in several autoimmune diseases, inflammation and host defence. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup> Tregs and IL\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>17+<\/jats:sup> cells, and their possible spatial interaction, in diseased periodontal tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>Twenty\u2010nine archival tissues with nonspecific gingival inflammation were grouped based on the intensity (minimally or intensely inflamed) and nature (T\u2010cell predominant or B\u2010 and plasma\u2010cell predominant) of the inflammatory infiltrate. Using double\u2010labelling immunohistochemistry, the concomitant presence of FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup> and IL\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>17+<\/jats:sup> cells was determined and their spatial relationship was established. In addition, the proportions of FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup> and IL\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>17+<\/jats:sup> cells were compared between the groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Of the 29 gingival specimens investigated, 17 were intensely inflamed (\u2265\u00a01000 inflammatory cells per 0.12\u00a0mm2<\/jats:sup>) and 12 were minimally inflamed (\u2264\u00a0600 cells per 0.12\u00a0mm2<\/jats:sup>). Based on the percentage of CD<\/jats:styled-content>19+<\/jats:sup> B\u2010cells and plasma cells collectively and CD<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cells, gingival tissues were also grouped into B\u2010 and plasma\u2010cell\u2010predominant gingival tissues (n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a021; 50.7% total B\u2010 and plasma cells vs. 19.1% T cells; p\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a00.001) and T\u2010cell\u2010predominant gingival tissues (n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08; 61.0% T\u2010cells vs. 15.2% B\u2010 and plasma cells; p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.007). More FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup> cells than IL\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>17+<\/jats:sup> cells were observed in all archival gingival tissues examined. A trend towards an increased number of FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup> cells was observed for intensely inflamed gingival tissues (6.7%) and for B\u2010 and plasma\u2010cell\u2010predominant tissues (6.4%) compared with minimally inflamed gingival tissues (4.6%) and T\u2010cell\u2010predominant gingival tissues (4.5%). However, no statistically significant difference in the mean percentage of FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup> cells between the groups was observed. Interestingly, FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup> cells were significantly correlated with the B\u2010 and plasma\u2010cell\/T\u2010cell ratio in B\u2010 and plasma\u2010cell\u2010predominant tissues (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.713, p\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a00.001). Overall, there were very few IL\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>17+<\/jats:sup> cells (<\u00a01%). All IL\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>17+<\/jats:sup> cells identified in this study had an ovoid\/plasmacytoid morphology and were larger in size compared with adjacent inflammatory cells. IL\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>17+<\/jats:sup> and FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup> cells were not adjacent to each other in any of the areas examined, suggesting that FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup> Tregs do not directly interact with IL\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>17+<\/jats:sup> cells in diseased gingival tissues. IL\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>17+<\/jats:sup>\/FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup> cells were not detected in the tissues examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>These results show that FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup> cells are more prominent than IL\u2010<\/jats:styled-content>17+<\/jats:sup> cells in periodontal disease processes, which may suggest a predominant role for FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup>cells in periodontal disease. Further studies are required to characterize these cells more precisely and to understand, in more detail, their roles in the pathophysiology of periodontal disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,8]],"date-time":"2014-02-08T12:57:35Z","timestamp":1391864255000},"page":"817-826","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Forkhead box P3\u2010positive regulatory T\u2010cells and interleukin 17\u2010positive T\u2010helper 17 cells in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"V. P. B.","family":"Parachuru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry Sir John Walsh Research Institute University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. E.","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry Sir John Walsh Research Institute University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. J.","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry Sir John Walsh Research Institute University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. M.","family":"Hussaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry Sir John Walsh Research Institute University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. J.","family":"Seymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry Sir John Walsh Research Institute University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1983.54.9.522"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"889","article-title":"T cell regulation of the immune response to infection in periodontal diseases","volume":"18","author":"Yamazaki K","year":"2003","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-6713.2004.003557.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.5.2492-2501.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1254"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.3.1151"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0108014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400711"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2007.00390.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01390.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2005.00241.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0407-345"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.6.2593"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5703"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.1.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.060458"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302X.2003.180105.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00676.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2008.00463.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600409"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2008.00473.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700314"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-09-010116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2009.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838541"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.6725"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63131-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509339889"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.4.2106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.7.4662"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2683(20000201)21:3<665::AID-ELPS665>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903566"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1998.69.10.1139"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900408106"}],"container-title":["Journal of Periodontal Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjre.12169","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjre.12169","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jre.12169","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T13:17:08Z","timestamp":1696252628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jre.12169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,8]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jre.12169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jre.12169","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3484","1600-0765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3484","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0765","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,8]]}}}