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Cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1), involved in the chronic inflammatory response within the periodontal gingiva, significantly influence the normal bone remodelling processes. In this review, the effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 on bone metabolism in periodontitis are evaluated in relation to its direct and indirect actions on bone cells including osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Evidence published to date suggests a potent catabolic role for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 through the stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption as well as the suppression of osteoblastic bone formation and osteocytic survival. However, the extent and timing of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 exposure <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> greatly influences its effect on skeletal cells, with contradictory anabolic activity observed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 in a number of studies. None the less, it is evident that managing the chronic inflammatory response in addition to the deregulated bone metabolism is required to improve periodontal and inflammatory bone loss treatments\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]],"date-time":"2015-12-15T05:54:39Z","timestamp":1450158879000},"page":"549-566","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["The effects of tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 on bone cells involved in periodontal alveolar bone loss; osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Algate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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