{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:37:09Z","timestamp":1788583029278,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]],"date-time":"2016-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is considered a major pathogen of chronic periodontitis, which also may be implicated with systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis. Secreted cysteine proteases, gingipains Rgp and Kgp, are essential for\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      virulence. Some polyphenols and flavonoids are known to inhibit gingipain activity and interfere with biofilm formation by\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Many bioactive compounds have been isolated from\n                      <jats:italic>Epimedium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, but availability of these compounds on gingipains and\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate natural products from medical plants to develop a new therapeutic agent against periodontal disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prenylated flavonoids were isolated from\n                      <jats:italic>Epimedium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species plant using column chromatographies. The inhibitory effect of the prenylated flavonoids against protease activity of gingipains were examined using purified gingipains and fluorogenic substrates. Anti\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      activity was evaluated to analyze planktonic growth and biofilm formation in brain heart infusion medium in the presence of the prenylated flavonoids.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We isolated 17 prenylated flavonoids (Limonianin, Epimedokoreanin B, etc.) from\n                      <jats:italic>Epimedium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. We found that some prenylated flavonoids inhibited gingipain activity in a non\u2010competitive manner with\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      values at \u03bc\n                      <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                      order. The prenylated flavonoids also hindered growth and biofilm formation of\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , in a manner independent of gingipain inhibition by the compounds.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results indicated an inhibitory effect of the prenylated flavonoids against\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and would provide useful information for future development of periodontitis treatment that suppresses gingipains,\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth and biofilm formation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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