{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:47:53Z","timestamp":1790912873938,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]],"date-time":"2017-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004006","name":"Bilimsel Ara\u015ftirma Projeleri Birimi, Istanbul \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["480.2\u20102401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["480.2\u20102401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effects of low\u2010level laser therapy (LLLT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) on smoking and non\u2010smoking patients with chronic periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted using a split\u2010mouth design with 30 patients with chronic periodontitis (15 smokers, 15 non\u2010smokers) and 30 healthy individuals matched for age, sex and smoking status as controls. Groups were constituted as follows: Cp+SRP+Sham: non\u2010smokers with chronic periodontitis treated with SRP; Cp+SRP+LLLT: non\u2010smokers with chronic periodontitis treated with SRP+LLLT; SCp+SRP+Sham: smokers with chronic periodontitis treated with SRP; SCp+SRP+LLLT: smokers with chronic periodontitis treated with SRP+LLLT; C: control group comprised of periodontally healthy non\u2010smokers; SC: control group comprised of periodontally healthy smokers. LLLT was first applied on the same day as SRP and again on days 2 and 7 after SRP treatment. Clinical parameters were recorded before non\u2010surgical periodontal treatment (baseline) and on day 30. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected before periodontal treatment (baseline) and during follow\u2010up visits on days 7, 14 and 30. Gingival crevicular fluid transforming growth factor (TGF)\u2010\u03b21, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI\u20101) levels were measured using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All clinical parameters showed significant reductions between baseline and day 30 following SRP treatment in both the LLLT and sham groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.001). No significant differences were observed between the LLLT and sham groups of either the smokers or non\u2010smokers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&gt;.05). Gingival crevicular fluid PAI\u20101 levels decreased significantly in the SCp+SRP+sham and SCp+SRP+LLLT groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.05), and gingival crevicular fluid tPA levels decreased significantly in the Cp+SRP+sham, Cp+SRP+LLLT and SCp+SRP+LLLT groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.05). Gingival crevicular fluid TGF\u2010\u03b21 levels decreased significantly in all treatment groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.05). Although no significant differences were found between the gingival crevicular fluid PAI\u20101, tPA and TGF\u2010\u03b21 levels of the LLLT versus sham groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&gt;.05) at any of the time points measured, both LLLT groups showed significant reductions in tPA\/PAI\u20101 ratios over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within the limits of this study, LLLT may be understood to play a role in the modulation of periodontal tissue tPA and PAI\u20101 gingival crevicular fluid levels, particularly in smoking patients with chronic periodontitis, and may thus be recommended as an adjunct to non\u2010surgical periodontal treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]],"date-time":"2017-04-10T10:58:29Z","timestamp":1491821909000},"page":"872-882","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The effect of low\u2010level laser therapy as an adjunct to non\u2010surgical periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid levels of transforming growth factor\u2010beta 1, tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in smoking and non\u2010smoking chronic periodontitis patients: A\u00a0split\u2010mouth, randomized control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Pamuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry Yeditepe Univesity  Istanbul Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul Aydin University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1499-5902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"L\u00fctfio\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry Ondokuzmayis University  Samsun Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Aydo\u011fdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul Research and Application Center Baskent University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Z.","family":"Koyuncuoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul Aydin University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Cifcibasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O. 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