{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:58:34Z","timestamp":1768989514280,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]],"date-time":"2017-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRC 1112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC 1112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010121","name":"Sonnenfeld Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the oral cavity, the mucosal tissues may develop a number of different pathological conditions, such as inflammatory diseases (gingivitis, periodontitis) and autoimmune disorders (eg, oral lichen planus) that require therapy. The application of topical drugs is one common therapeutic approach. However, their efficacy is limited. Dilution effects due to saliva hinder the adherence and the penetration of drug formulations. Therefore, the bioavailability of oral topical drugs is insufficient, and patients may suffer from disease over years, if not life\u2010long.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the present study, we characterized core\u2010multishell (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMS<\/jats:styled-content>) nanocarriers for their potential use as drug delivery systems at oral mucosal tissues. For this purpose, we prepared porcine masticatory as well as buccal mucosa and performed Franz cell diffusion experiments. Penetration of fluorescently labeled <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMS<\/jats:styled-content> nanocarriers into the mucosal tissue was analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Upon exposure to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMS<\/jats:styled-content> nanocarriers, the metabolic and proliferative activity of gingival epithelial cells was determined by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTT<\/jats:styled-content> and sulforhodamine B assays, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we could show that the carriers penetrate into both mucosal tissues, while particles penetrate deeper into the masticatory mucosa. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that the 3\u2010carboxy\u20102,2,5,5\u2010tetramethyl\u20101\u2010pyrrolidinyloxy\u2010labeled glucocorticoid dexamethasone loaded on to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMS<\/jats:styled-content> nanocarriers was released from the carriers in both mucosal tissues but with a higher efficiency in the buccal mucosa. The release from the nanocarriers is in both cases superior compared to the release from a conventional cream, which is normally used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions in the oral cavity. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMS<\/jats:styled-content> nanocarriers exhibited neither cytotoxic nor proliferative effects in vitro.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggested that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMS<\/jats:styled-content> nanocarriers might be an innovative approach for topical drug delivery in the treatment of oral inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]],"date-time":"2017-09-12T16:11:46Z","timestamp":1505232706000},"page":"57-65","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Characterization of hyperbranched core\u2010multishell nanocarriers as an innovative drug delivery system for the application at the oral mucosa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Jager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biochemistry Charit\u00e9 \u2010 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Obst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy Pharmacology and Toxicology Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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