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However, it is unclear whether they represent \u201ctrue\u201d immune cells, since they can produce pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines not only after stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharides but also in response to other stimuli such as mechanical stress. Stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharides strongly enhances PDL cell production of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines through activation of toll\u2010like receptors and NF\u2010\u03baB signaling. Less information is available regarding putative modulators of cytokine production and their mechanisms of action in PDL cells. The anti\u2010inflammatory glucocorticoid dexamethasone reduces lipopolysaccharide\u2010induced PDL cell production of cytokines. Recent observations show that vitamin D and the antimicrobial peptide LL\u201037 antagonize lipopolysaccharide\u2010stimulated PDL cell production of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor is endogenously expressed by PDL cells, and this protein negatively regulates PDL cell\u2010evoked cytokine production. More information and knowledge about the regulation of PDL cell production of cytokines may clarify the role of PDL cells in oral innate immunity and their importance in periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T01:43:53Z","timestamp":1607651033000},"page":"249-255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Mechanisms involved in regulation of periodontal ligament cell production of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines: Implications in periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2337-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bengt\u2010Olof","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University Lund 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