{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T15:47:22Z","timestamp":1779292042326,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2042018kf0153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042018kf0153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Titanium wear particles may participate in the etiology of peri\u2010implantitis. However, the influence of titanium wear particles on biological behavior of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in the presence of LPS is still not clear. The present study demonstrated the effects of titanium dioxide micro\u2010 and nanoparticles (TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u00a0MPs and NPs) on HGF cell viability, cytoskeletal organization, adhesion, migration, and proliferation in vitro, and LPS was used to mimic the in vivo condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary HGFs were treated with TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> MPs (primary\u00a0particle size &lt;5\u00a0\u03bcm, 0.1\u00a0mg\/ml) and NPs (primary particle size &lt;100\u00a0nm, 0.1\u00a0mg\/ml) with or without 1\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml LPS. The effects of TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> MPs and NPs on HGFs cell viability was measured by CCK\u20108 assay. The proliferation of HGF was detected by Ki67 nuclear staining. The confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to detect the internalization of TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> MPs and NPs in HGFs as well as the arrangement of F\u2010actin, vinculin, and vimentin organization. Wound healing assay and transwell assay were performed to measure the migration of HGFs induced by TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> MPs and NPs. Cell adhesion was measured using fibronectin\u2010coated plates. The relative mRNA and protein expression of adhesion relative protein such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), fibronectin (FN), and type I collagen (COL1) were measured using quantitative RT\u2010PCR and western blot analysis. One\u2010way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test were used to analyze the statistical significance, and <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a0.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs significantly inhibited HGF cell viability, proliferation, and migration compared with TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> MPs group and control group. Compared with control group (2.64\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.09), the mean absorbance of the cells in 1\u00a0mg\/ml TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> MPs group and 0.25\u00a0mg\/ml TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs group were significantly decreased to 1.93\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.33 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05) and 2.22\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.18 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01), respectively. The cytoskeleton disruption was found in TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs group. The mRNA and protein expression were significantly downregulated by TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs. Furthermore, both TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs and MPs induced more adverse effects on HGFs in the presence of LPS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicate that TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs but not TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> MPs significantly disrupt the cytoskeletal organization and inhibited cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation of HGFs. However, in the presence of LPS, TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> MPs, and TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs enhance these negative effects in HGFs. Titanium wear particles are probably involved in the initiation and progression of peri\u2010implant diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T10:09:39Z","timestamp":1650362979000},"page":"644-659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of titanium dioxide microparticles and nanoparticles on cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation in human gingival fibroblasts in the presence of lipopolysaccharide"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei\u2010MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education  Wuhan China"},{"name":"School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei\u2010MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education  Wuhan China"},{"name":"School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei\u2010MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education  Wuhan China"},{"name":"School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei\u2010MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education  Wuhan China"},{"name":"School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei\u2010MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education  Wuhan China"},{"name":"School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-9475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei\u2010MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education  Wuhan China"},{"name":"School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. 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