{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:47:35Z","timestamp":1786632455486,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007619","name":"Osteology Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\u2010159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\u2010159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding macrophage polarization in periodontitis is critical for elucidating the underlying disease mechanisms. This exploratory study aimed to characterize phenotypic features of monocyte\u2010derived macrophages (MDMs) from treated periodontitis patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 30 individuals classified into three groups: periodontal healthy (H) and patients with treated stage III, grade B (PIII\u2010B) or grade C (PIII\u2010C) periodontitis. Monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and cultured under non\u2010polarizing (M0), M1\u2010polarizing (LPS\u2009+\u2009IFN\u2010\u03b3), or M2\u2010polarizing (IL\u20104\u2009+\u2009IL\u201013) conditions. MDM polarization was evaluated by immunophenotyping and cytokine secretion profiling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Under M0 conditions, the percentage of M1 MDMs decreased in the H group but remained stable in both periodontitis groups, particularly in PIII\u2010C, which exhibited a higher M1\/M2 ratio. Following M1 stimulation, no significant differences in M1\/M2 ratios were observed among groups. However, H MDMs increased VEGF and IL\u201010 secretion compared with those from PIII\u2010B. Under M2 stimulation, PIII\u2010C MDMs exhibited a higher proportion of M1 cells and increased IL\u20106 secretion, while PIII\u2010B MDMs demonstrated an elevated M1\/M2 ratio and lower IL\u201010 response, suggesting a shift toward a more pro\u2010inflammatory profile.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this exploratory study, MDMs from individuals with successfully treated stage III, grade B or C periodontitis exhibited a tendency toward a M1\u2010like phenotype across different polarization conditions, indicating the possible persistence of a pro\u2010inflammatory immune trait that requires confirmation in longitudinal and mechanistic studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  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