{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:37:10Z","timestamp":1790699830751,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide a comprehensive review of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in periodontology, focusing (1) on deep learning for image\u2010based diagnosis of periodontitis and (2) on non\u2010image\u2010based AI applications across periodontal care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study adhered to PRISMA guidance. Six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase\/Ovid, IEEE Xplore, and arXiv) were searched. The first review question (PICO 1) focused on applications of deep learning to human imaging data for diagnosing periodontitis, and the systematic review was followed by a modified QUADAS\u20102 risk\u2010of\u2010bias (RoB) assessment. The second part (PICO 2) scoped AI applications in periodontology using non\u2010imaging data. Because of substantial heterogeneity in tasks, inputs, and outcomes, PICO 2 was synthesized narratively without formal RoB assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PICO 1 included 29 studies, predominantly using panoramic radiographs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200921). Binary periodontitis classification achieved accuracies of 81%\u201399% on panoramic radiographs and 78% on CBCT, whereas staging\/severity showed lower performance (accuracy 64%\u201391% in panoramic radiographs; 83% in intraoral radiographs with AUROC 0.84\u20130.93). Photograph\u2010based screening achieved AUROC\u20090.93. RoB was generally low, but applicability concerns were frequent, mainly because of single\u2010center datasets. PICO 2 included 65 studies, covering diagnosis and classification of periodontitis (AUROC 0.77\u20130.85), risk stratification and screening (AUROC 0.60\u20130.98), progression, and treatment outcome modeling (AUROC 0.58\u20130.89), oral\u2010systemic associations, biomarker identification, and clinical data mining using natural language processing, which achieved near\u2010perfect metrics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Generalizability remains the key limitation across applications, driven by limited data diversity, inconsistent tasks\/metrics, and scarce external testing. Future studies should prioritize multicenter evaluation, transparent reporting, and prospective assessments of workflow impact and patient\u2010related outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                      PROSPERO identification number CRD420251128758.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.70107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T10:07:05Z","timestamp":1774865225000},"page":"639-661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Artificial Intelligence in Periodontology:\u00a0A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6260-9992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonin","family":"Tichy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Digital Dentistry LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Dental Medicine First Faculty of Medicine of the Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8498-0736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Digital Dentistry LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9829-4427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Dujic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Digital Dentistry LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5874-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Wetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Digital Dentistry LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6947-2602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinay","family":"Pitchika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Digital Dentistry LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caspar Victor","family":"Bumm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Digital Dentistry LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Folwaczny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Digital Dentistry LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1223-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Falk","family":"Schwendicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Digital Dentistry LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12331"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3785"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12732"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.14198"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12304"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"S164","article-title":"Periodontitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Consensus Report of the Joint EFP\/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases","volume":"40","author":"Sanz M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Periodontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2342-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13290"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1975.tb01734.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"Textbook of Periodontia (Oral Medicine)","author":"Miller S. 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